Table 2.
Clinical Indications, Symptoms, and Additional Prescriptions Among 6 IBD Cases and 6 Controls Prescribed PPIs, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, 1996–2016 (cont)
| Case/Control (Index Age) | PPI Use, Age, Duration | H2 Blocker and Antibiotic Use, Age, Drug Type* | Additional Prescriptions† | Diagnosis | Gastrointestinal Symptoms | Non-gastrointestinal Symptoms | Primary Reason for Visit |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Case (13) | 8, 100 days | 9, cephalosporin | Azithromycin, clindamycin, fluticasone proprionate, guaifenesin, sulfamethoxazole | Eosinophilic esophagitis, GERD | Chronic heartburn, cough, reflux | Coughing attacks, dizziness | Eosinophilic esophagitis |
| Case (14) | 10, 30 days 10, 30 days 11, 30 days 11, 50 days 11, 75 days 11, 502 days |
9, sulfonamide 9, cephalosporin 10, cephalosporin 9, H2blocker 10, H2 blocker 10, H2 blocker 10, H2 blocker 10, sulfonamide 11, sulfonamide 11, sulfonamide |
Sulfasalazine, erythromycin, ranitidine, valproate sodium | Diarrhea, acid reflux, GERD | Constipation, diarrhea, emesis | Weight loss, poor growth | Diarrhea, constipation, blood in stool and melena, gagging, vomiting |
| Case (15) | 10, 30 days 10, 30 days 12, 30 days |
13, cephalosporin 13, sulfonamide |
Ondansetron, clindamycin phosphate | Abdominal migraines, differential diagnosis: H pylori, PUD, IBS, GERD | Abdominal pain | None | Continued abdominal pain |
| Case (16) | 12, 10 days 12, 10 days |
12, penicillin | Amoxicillin, clarithromycin, desonide, azithromycin | Pharyngitis | Difficulty swallowing | Sore throat | Sore throat and difficulty swallowing, elevated H pylori |
| Case (17) | 14, 60 days 14, 100 days |
14, penicillin 15, H2 blocker | Venlafaxine, neomycin polymyxin HD, amoxicillin, ondansetron, sodium chloride, hydroxyzine, citalopram, polyethylene glycol 3350 | Major depression, panic disorder with agoraphobia | Constipation (severe), encopresis, abdominal pain, nausea | Weight loss, depression, anxiety | Weight loss (15 lb over 1 year), abdominal pain, constipation, encopresis |
GERD, gastroesophageal reflux disease; IBD, inflammatory bowel disease; IBS, irritable bowel syndrome; PUD, peptic ulcer disease; PPI, proton pump inhibitor
* During the 2 to 5 years before index date.
† Additional prescriptions within ± 6 months of PPI prescription.