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. 2019 Oct 30;6(10):190937. doi: 10.1098/rsos.190937

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© 2019 The Authors.

Published by the Royal Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, which permits unrestricted use, provided the original author and source are credited.

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Figure 1. — Directed acyclic graph summarizing the assumed causal relations between smoking, mLTL_b and mΔLTL. The graph additionally includes the following unmeasured/latent variables: exposure to early-life adversity, true LTL_b, baseline measurement error (error_b), true telomere change (ΔLTL) and follow-up measurement error (error_fu). Error_b and error_fu are uncorrelated and independent of LTL and ΔLTL. Causal relationships are indicated by arrows. This diagram is analogous to that presented in Glymour et al. ([31]; their fig. 3) and Glymour & Greenland ([30]; their figs 12–14) and can thus be subjected to an identical analysis. See text for further details.