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. 2019 Oct 30;6(10):190937. doi: 10.1098/rsos.190937

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© 2019 The Authors.

Published by the Royal Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, which permits unrestricted use, provided the original author and source are credited.

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Figure 4. — The bias caused by controlling for LTL_b is a synergistic interaction between difference in LTL_b and measurement error. The data in this figure come from a simulation of scenario C only (a true difference in LTL_b, but no difference in ΔLTL). (a) The estimated difference in mΔLTL between smokers and non-smokers as a function of the difference in LTL_b and CV for models 1 and 2. Data points are the mean ± 95% confidence intervals obtained from modelling the data from 1000 replicate simulations. (b) The probability of a type 1 error as a function of the difference in LTL_b and CV for models 1 and 2. Data points represent the proportion of simulations yielding a p-value below 0.05 in 1000 replicate simulations.