Table 2. Summary of methods used in LAMP amplicon end-point detection in previous studies.

Detection parameter	Open/ closed system	Evaluation of results	Equipment for end-point detection	Remarks	References
Turbidity	Closed	Turbid—positive Clear—negative	Turbidimeter or none	Not always easy to interpret	Khan and colleagues 2012 [56]; Mikita and colleagues 2014 [43]
Gel-electrophoresis	Open	Ladder-like bands—positive No band—negative	UV transilluminator	Prone to contamination	Nzelu and colleagues 2014 [27]; Gao and colleagues 2015 [73]
Calcein	Closed	Green—positive Orange—negative	UV lamp	Inconvenient due to dangerous UV illuminator	Gao and colleagues 2015 [73]
SYBR Green I	Open or closed	Green—positive Orange—negative	UV light or none	Inhibits LAMP reaction and prone to contamination when added postreaction	Verma and colleagues 2013, 2017 [44, 57]; Ghodrati and colleagues 2017 [78]; Dixit and colleagues 2018 [58]
FDR (Eiken)	Closed	Fluorescent green—positive Pale brown—negative	UV light	Expensive	Adams and colleagues 2010 [37]; Mikita and colleagues 2014 [43]
Hydroxy naphthol blue	Closed	Sky blue—positive Violet—negative	Light box (optional) or none	Ambiguous to discern, requires operator to distinguish results	Goto and colleagues 2009 [82]
Malachite green	Closed	Light blue—positive Colorless—negative	None	Easy to discern results by the naked eye; stable and can be kept for record purposes	Nzelu and colleagues 2014 [27], 2016 [9]; Sriworarat and colleagues 2015 [41]; León and colleagues 2018 [80]

FDR, Fluorescent detection reagent; LAMP, loop-mediated isothermal amplification: UV, ultra-violet