Figure 2.

Schematic representation of pro-survival and cell death mechanisms in oxidative stress, respectively. Complex regulatory signals lead to cell death or proliferation. Cell decision is taken on the base of the levels and activity of antioxidant enzymes, level of ROS/RNOS and location. R, receptor; TNF, tumor necrosis factor; ASK1, apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1; AIF, apoptosis inducing factor; MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase; CAD, caspase-activated DNase; Endo-G, endonuclease G; Apaf-1, apoptotic protease activating factor 1; HIF-1, hypoxia-inducible factor 1.