Table 3. Cox regression proportional hazard survival: Univariable and multivariable models for matched patients (n = 888).
| Independent variable | Crude-HR (95% CI) | p-value | Adj-HR (95% CI) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anesthesia, propofol (ref: desflurane) | 1.23 (0.72–2.11) | 0.449 | 1.23 (0.70–2.16) | 0.475 |
| Time since the earliest included patient (yr) (ref: < 40) | 0.95 (0.79–1.15) | 0.617 | ||
| Age (yr) | ||||
| 40–49 | 0.37 (0.17–0.79) | 0.010 | 0.53 (0.24–1.14) | 0.103 |
| 50–59 | 0.49 (0.24–1.01) | 0.054 | 0.52 (0.24–1.10) | 0.087 |
| 60–69 | 0.26 (0.08–0.81) | 0.021 | 0.20 (0.06–0.68) | 0.010 |
| ≥ 70 | 0.69 (0.22–2.18) | 0.531 | 0.37 (0.10–1.41) | 0.144 |
| BMI (kg/ m2) | 1.05 (0.98–1.13) | 0.179 | ||
| ASA (ref: I) | ||||
| II | 1.74 (0.99–3.06) | 0.056 | 0.81 (0.39–1.65) | 0.555 |
| III | 3.91 (1.78–8.59) | 0.001 | 4.50 (1.73–11.7) | 0.002 |
| Functional status, < 4 METs (ref: ≥ 4 METs) | 1.97 (0.79–4.94) | 0.147 | ||
| CCI (ref: 2) | ||||
| 3 | 0.45 (0.18–1.14) | 0.092 | ||
| 4 | 1.82 (0.82–4.05) | 0.141 | ||
| ≥ 5 | 0.87 (0.12–6.31) | 0.890 | ||
| TNM Stage of primary tumor, II + III (ref: 0 + I) | ||||
| II + III | 7.42 (3.52–15.68) | < 0.001 | 6.15 (2.67–14.1) | < 0.001 |
| HER–2 (ref: negative) | 1.23 (0.73–2.87) | 0.444 | ||
| ER (ref: negative) | 0.45 (0.27–0.75) | 0.002 | 0.65 (0.34–1.16) | 0.202 |
| PR (ref: negative) | 0.57 (0.33–1.00) | 0.049 | 1.23 (0.61–2.45) | 0.562 |
| TNBC (ref: no) | 0.36 (0.05–2.61) | 0.313 | ||
| Neoadjuvant chemotherapy (ref: no) | 14.8 (8.49–25.62) | < 0.001 | 11.4 (5.60–23.0) | < 0.001 |
| Intraoperative NSAIDs (ref: no) | 2.50 (1.07–5.82) | 0.034 | 1.01 (0.40–2.54) | 0.978 |
| Postoperative NSAIDs (ref: no) | 1.16 (0.28–4.77) | 0.835 | ||
| Adjuvant chemotherapy (ref: no) | 3.23 (1.63–6.39) | 0.001 | 0.78 (0.34–1.79) | 0.552 |
| Adjuvant radiotherapy (ref: no) | 1.00 (0.60–1.70) | 0.991 | ||
| Adjuvant hormonal therapy (ref: no) | 0.36 (0.21–0.60) | < 0.001 | 0.50 (0.26–0.94) | 0.031 |
| Relapse (ref: no) | 45.8 (25.6–81.8) | < 0.001 |
All multivariable HRs were adjusted by those variables significant (p < 0.05) in the univariable analyses simultaneously except anesthesia. Relapse status was also excluded from the multivariable model due to it was an intermediary variable in the cause path to outcome.
BMI = body mass index; ASA = American Society of Anesthesiologists; TNM = tumor–node–metastasis; CCI = Charlson comorbidity index; MET = metabolic equivalents; NSAID = nonsteroidal anti–inflammatory drugs; ER = estrogen receptor; PR = progesterone receptor; TNBC = triple–negative breast cancer.