TABLE 3. Population attributable fractions (PAFs) for health conditions, health risk behaviors, and socioeconomic challenges, by adverse childhood experience score*,† — Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, 25 States,§ 2015–2017.
| Outcome | Adverse childhood experience score |
Overall PAF % | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 |
2–3 |
≥4 |
||
| PAF % | ||||
|
Chronic condition
| ||||
| Coronary heart disease |
2.6 |
3.4 |
6.6 |
12.6
|
| Stroke |
—* |
5.0 |
9.6 |
14.6
|
| Asthma |
4.2 |
8.1 |
11.7 |
24.0
|
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease |
4.1 |
9.1 |
13.8 |
27.0
|
| Cancer (excluding skin) |
— |
2.4 |
3.5 |
5.9
|
| Kidney disease |
3.7 |
5.5 |
6.5 |
15.7
|
| Diabetes |
— |
2.2 |
3.5 |
5.7
|
| Overweight or obesity¶ |
— |
0.7 |
1.0 |
1.7
|
|
Mental health
| ||||
| Depression |
6.4 |
14.7 |
23.0 |
44.1
|
|
Health risk behavior
| ||||
| Current smoker |
5.9 |
11.1 |
15.9 |
32.9
|
| Heavy drinker |
5.6 |
9.0 |
9.3 |
23.9
|
|
Socioeconomic challenge
| ||||
| Less than high school education |
— |
— |
4.6 |
4.6
|
| Unemployment |
— |
5.7 |
9.2 |
14.9
|
| No health insurance | — | — | 3.8 | 3.8 |
* Adverse childhood experience categories that were not statistically different from the unexposed (zero adverse childhood experiences) group were not included in the PAF calculation and are indicated by a dash. All models were adjusted for sex, age group, and race/ethnicity.
† Based on the number of adverse childhood experience types reported.
§ States with state-added adverse childhood experience questions: Alaska, Kansas, Kentucky, Maryland, Ohio, South Carolina, and Texas (2015), Arizona, Arkansas, Georgia, Louisiana, Michigan, New York, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, and Utah (2016); Connecticut, Illinois, Iowa, Nevada, Oregon, South Dakota, Tennessee, Virginia, and Wisconsin (2017).
¶ Overweight: body mass index ≥25 kg/m2; obesity: body mass index ≥30 kg/m2.