Table 1.

Iron-induced rat carcinogenesis model

Chemical	Administration	Target organ	Histology	Genetic/epigenetic alteration	Other characteristics
Ferric nitrilotriacetate32	Intraperitoneal	Kidney (proximal tubular cells)	Renal cell carcinoma	HD/RM of Cdkn2a/2b; Met amplification,42 OE of Annexin 260 and miR-34a61	1–2 years for induction; male preference
Ferric saccharate, with nitrilotriacetate19	Intraperitoneal	Mesothelium (mesothelial cells)	Malignant mesothelioma	HD of Cdkn2a/2b only in sarcomatoid subtype28	>2 years for induction; low incidence; strict male preference
Asbestos (chrysotile, crocidolite, Amosite), with nitrilotriacetate24	Intraperitoneal	Mesothelium (mesothelial cells)	Malignant mesothelioma	HD of Cdkn2a/2b	1–2 years for induction; extremely high incidence; no sex preference

HD, homozygous deletion; OE, overexpression; RM, repression by methylation of the promoter region.