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. 2013 Jul 19;16(2):78–90. doi: 10.1179/174329211X13020951739938

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Figure 3. — Energy-level diagram. The localization of the S₁ and S₂ energy levels of chlorophyll a (Chl a) and S₁ energy levels of carotenoids. The energies of Chl a: S₂(Qx) 16 000/cm and S₁(Qy) 14 700/cm. The energies of the S₁ state of xanthophylls: violaxanthin (Vx, 15 290/cm), diadinoxanthin (Ddx, 15 130/cm), antheraxanthin and lutein (Ax/L, 14 720/cm), diatoxanthin (Dtx, 14 485/cm), and zeaxanthin (Zx, 14 170/cm).²⁸ Arrows from left to right represent forward energy transfer (light-harvesting); arrows from right to left – reverse energy transfer (NPQ).