Table 2.
Baseline personality-related impulsivity, obsessive-compulsive symptoms, and cognitive characteristics of longitudinal gambling subtypes. Data are displayed as mean (standard deviation) or number of cases [% of group]. Post hoc tests were conducted when there was a main effect of group for a measure, defined as p < .05 Bonferroni corrected for the number of tests (Significant ANOVA p values at p < .05 Bonferroni corrected for the number of tests in the table are underlined) and significant post-hoc tests at p < .05 are shown with superscript letters a-c.
| Latent classification group Mean (SD) or N [%] |
ANOVA, main effect of group |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Low harm (N = 431)a | Intermediate harm (N = 112)b | High harm (N = 32)c | F | p | |
| Personality-related measures | |||||
| Barratt impulsivity, attentional | 16.7 (4.0) | 17.4 (4.2) | 17.2 (4.3) | 1.317 (2570) | 0.269 |
| Barratt impulsivity, motor | 23.2 (4.4)b,c | 25.5 (4.9)a | 25.5 (5.4)a | 12.917 (2570) | <0.001 |
| Barratt impulsivity, non-planning | 23.7 (5.2)b,c | 25.5 (5.2)a | 26.0 (6.3)a | 7.327 (2571) | <0.001 |
| Padua compulsivity total score | 15.3 (14.0)b,c | 23.5 (20.7)a,c | 39.3 (30.6)a,b | 37.205 (2569) | <0.001 |
| Cognitive measures | |||||
| CGT Overall proportion of points bet | 0.52 (0.14)b,c | 0.59 (0.13)a | 0.60 (0.14)a | 13.936 (2568) | <0.001 |
| CGT Quality of decision-making | 0.96 (0.08)b,c | 0.91 (0.10)a | 0.91 (0.10)a | 17.2188 (2568) | <0.001 |
| CCT Risk adjustment | 1.75 (1.19)b,c | 1.06 (1.08)a,c | 0.53 (0.99)a,b | 28.518 (1568) | <0.001 |
| SST stop-signal reaction time, msec | 176.5 (58.4)b | 200.0 (73.1)a | 192.0 (91.4) | 6.5085 (2569) | 0.002 |
| IED Total errors (adjusted) | 22.8 (22.8)b,c | 30.5 (25.9)a | 35.6 (21.6)a | 8.371 (2569) | <0.001 |
For non-parametric variables or where normality was violated, the overall qualitative pattern of significant results was confirmed using equivalent non-parametric tests.