Table 2. Comparison of incidence of hemorrhoids between Group A (smokers) and Group B (nonsmokers) and subgroups of Group A and Group B.

Study groups	Subgroups	Sample size ( N )	Hemorrhoids ( N [%])	Nonhemorrhoids ( N [%])
Smokers (Group A)	Total	87	63 (72%)	24 (28%)
	Past	39	31 (79%)	8 (21%)
	Current	48	39 (81%)	9 (19%)
	Male	26	21 (81%)	5 (19%)
	Female	61	49 (80%)	12 (20%)
Nonsmokers (Group B)	Total	155	81 (52%)	74 (48%)
	Male	23	10 (43%)	13 (57%)
	Female	132	71 (54%)	61 (46%)

Note: Table 2 compares the incidence of hemorrhoids among the study groups. We notice that the incidence of hemorrhoids was significantly higher among the smokers (Group A)—72% compared with nonsmokers (Group B)—52%. Further analysis of Group A or smokers group showed a decrease in the incidence of hemorrhoids among past smokers (79%) compared with the current smokers (81%) but the difference was not statistically significant ( p  = 1.0). Male and female smokers did not have significant difference in the incidence of hemorrhoids (81 and 80%, respectively). However, incidence of hemorrhoids was higher among female nonsmokers (54%) compared with the male nonsmokers (43%).