Table 1.
Comparisons of preoperative, immediately postoperative, and 3-month postoperative parameters among DM, PreDM, and NGT group.
| DM (n = 18) | PreDM (n = 34) | NGT (n = 12) | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Preop. | Immediately postop. | 3-month postop. | P value | Preop. | Immediately postop. | 3–month postop. | P value | Preop. | Immediately postop. | 3-month postop. | P value | |
| Random GH (μg/L) | 15.0 (10.4–45.7) | 2.7 (1.6–8.2)* | 2.3 (1.1–4.5)* | 0.000 | 15.6 (8.9–35.6) | 1.6 (0.8–3.5)* | 2.2 (0.4–4.4)* | 0.000 | 14.1 (8.8–49.1) | 1.8 (0.8–3.7)* | 0.6 (0.3–4.0)* | 0.000 |
| Nadir GH (μg/L) | 13.0 (8.3–21.6) | 2.0 (1.0–6.3)* | 1.3 (0.2–2.5)*∧ | 0.000 | 10.7 (5.1–31.2) | 0.9 (0.4–2.6)* | 0.4 (0.1–1.8)*∧ | 0.000 | 12.9 (8.5–37.6) | 0.8 (0.6–1.9)* | 0.4 (0.1–1.6)*∧ | 0.000 |
| IGF-1 (μg/L) | 922.0 (755.8–1091.5) | 702.5 (573.8–919.0)* | 567.0 (283.3–630.8)*∧ | 0.000 | 859.5 (719.0–1025.5) | 610.0 (484.0–814.5)* | 302.0 (239.8–484.8)*∧ | 0.000 | 899.0 (686.5–1022.5) | 741.5 (477.3–939.3)* | 347.5 (257.8–648.5)*∧ | 0.000 |
| IGF-1 (%ULN) | 3.5 ± 1.1 | 2.8 ± 1.3* | 1.9 ± 1.0*∧ | 0.000 | 3.1 ± 1.0 | 2.4 ± 0.9* | 1.4 ± 0.6*∧ | 0.000 | 2.9 ± 0.7 | 2.3 ± 0.7* | 1.5 ± 0.8*∧ | 0.000 |
| HbA1c (%) | 7.1 (6.8–9.8) | 6.9 (6.5–8.3)* | 5.9 (5.5–6.0)*∧ | 0.000 | 5.6 (5.5–5.7) | 5.5 (5.4–5.7)* | 5.3 (5.1–5.4)*∧ | 0.000 | 5.6 (5.4–5.7) | 5.6 (5.4–5.6) | 5.3 (5.1–5.3)*∧ | 0.001 |
| FPG (mmol/L) | 7.3 (6.6–8.3) | 7.5 (6.1–8.6) | 6.1 (5.5–65.8)*∧ | 0.002 | 5.8 (5.3–6.3) | 5.7 (5.4–6.3) | 5.3 (4.9–5.5)*∧ | 0.000 | 5.3 (5.1–5.4) | 5.3 (4.9–5.8) | 5.3 (5.1–5.4) | 0.614 |
| 2h-PG (mmol/L) | 14.3 (11.5–15.9) | 15.6 (13.0–16.7) | 8.1 (6.3–10.7)*∧ | 0.000 | 8.9 (7.5–9.8) | 9.3 (7.9–10.7) | 5.6 (4.8–7.0)*∧ | 0.000 | 5.7 (5.5–6.6) | 6.1 (5.3–7.7) | 5.1 (4.2–5.7)*∧ | 0.040 |
| FINS (mU/L) | 15.3 (8.7–22.3) | 11.4 (7.8–16.2) | 8.2 (7.1–10.6)*∧ | 0.003 | 17.0 (12.7–23.1) | 11.1 (7.8–17.7)* | 7.5 (5.6–10.7)*∧ | 0.000 | 18.2 (11.0–27.6) | 10.4 (8.7–19.6) | 10.8 (6.0–14.6)* | 0.005 |
| INS120 (mU/L) | 66.5 (33.6–92.0) | 39.5 (28.2–78.9) | 38.4 (24.6–58.7)* | 0.154 | 97.2 (65.0–163.7) | 97.0 (65.2–175.1) | 40.2 (21.1–68.0)*∧ | 0.000 | 81.4 (60.5–170.1) | 52.4 (39.6–93.4) | 36.4 (19.3–53.1)*∧ | 0.005 |
| FCP (ng/ml) | 1.8 (1.5–3.0) | 2.0 (1.3–3.0) | 1.6 (1.4–2.0) | 0.358 | 2.5 (1.8–3.2) | 2.0 (1.5–2.7) | 1.3 (1.1–1.7)*∧ | 0.000 | 2.2 (1.9–3.4) | 1.7 (1.5–2.4)* | 1.7 (1.2–2.2)* | 0.105 |
| CP120 (ng/ml) | 5.4 (3.9–9.1) | 5.4 (4.3–10.8) | 5.7 (4.4–7.7) | 0.278 | 9.5 (6.9–11.8) | 11.4 (9.2–14.0)* | 6.7 (4.0–7.9)*∧ | 0.000 | 8.5 (6.6–10.9) | 9.1 (6.3–11.6) | 5.8 (4.4–7.8)*∧ | 0.017 |
| Indices of β-cell function | ||||||||||||
| HOMA1-%β (INS) | 90.0 (51.2–149.3) | 52.2 (40.1–88.6) | 61.2 (47.4–108.3)* | 0.179 | 178.8 (102.3–209.3) | 100.2 (64.5–155.5)* | 96.0 (69.0–136.6)* | 0.000 | 202.6 (131.3–340.5) | 133.6 (102.4–226.5)* | 128.4 (66.3–233.0)* | 0.006 |
| HOMA2-%β (INS) | 79.5 (54.9–119.5) | 55.9 (43.8–82.7) | 66.9 (54.3–98.7) | 0.320 | 135.8 (94.5–154.1) | 92.6 (69.1–124.6)* | 90.8 (71.8–113.3)* | 0.000 | 152.6 (113.0–215.7) | 112.6 (94.6–163.2)* | 111.0 (71.3–160.9)* | 0.009 |
| HOMA2-%β (CP) | 56.9 (43.2–103.8) | 65.4 (40.1–96.8) | 88.5 (56.0–102.0) | 0.128 | 111.0 (86.7–138.7) | 98.9 (73.0–110.5)* | 90.5 (73.2–104.0)* | 0.000 | 125.6 (110.0–159.2) | 114.3 (86.5–136.7) | 110.9 (82.9–128.2)* | 0.174 |
| AUCPG | 2191.5 (1926.0–2529.4) | 2373.0 (1903.9–2547.4) | 1588.5 (1451.6–1759.5)*∧ | 0.000 | 1544.3 (1466.6–1683.8) | 1569.8 (1417.1–1848.8) | 1212.8 (1035.8–1306.9)*∧ | 0.000 | 1190.3 (1122.4–1240.1) | 1281.0 (1209.0–1369.1) | 1056.0 (1002.8–1142.6)*∧ | 0.001 |
| AUCINS | 8588.3 (5405.5–15098.7) | 5417.0 (4483.7–13508.6) | 5743.7 (4614.9–7398.6)* | 0.209 | 18758.5 (10128.2–27400.3) | 13668.8 (9059.3–28890.2) | 8285.9 (5312.1–12034.1)*∧ | 0.000 | 17290.6 (13478.6–32335.1) | 16757.6 (12964.6–23786.0) | 11551.9 (7541.5–17742.8)*∧ | 0.013 |
| AUCCP | 796.4 (522.6–1304.4) | 777.7 (656.4–1595.2) | 866.6 (689.8–1088.1) | 0.358 | 1552.6 (1074.7–1759.7) | 1474.7 (1198.0–2086.1) | 974.9 (691.7–1220.1)*∧ | 0.000 | 1325.3 (1214.2–1796.6) | 1441.1 (1278.7–1748.4) | 1176.7 (928.0–1313.8)*∧ | 0.002 |
| AUCINS/AUCPG | 4.0 (1.9–7.6) | 2.5 (1.7–7.1) | 3.9 (2.5–6.2) | 0.846 | 12.7 (6.3–17.0) | 9.0 (5.9–14.2)* | 7.1 (4.3–9.6)*∧ | 0.000 | 14.7 (11.1–25.3) | 12.7 (11.3–20.1)* | 10.4 (7.0–17.6)* | 0.017 |
| AUCCP/AUCPG | 0.4 (0.2–0.7) | 0.3 (0.2–0.7) | 0.6 (0.4–0.8)* | 0.179 | 1.0 (0.8–1.2) | 1.0 (0.8–1.2) | 0.8 (0.7–1.0)*∧ | 0.042 | 1.2 (1.0–1.5) | 1.1 (1.0–1.4) | 1.1 (0.8–1.3)* | 0.472 |
| IGI | 0.3 (0.1–0.4) | 0.2 (0.1–0.4) | 0.3 (0.1–0.6) | 0.801 | 1.4 (0.6–2.0) | 0.9 (0.5–1.8) | 0.8 (0.5–1.6)* | 0.157 | 2.9 (1.8–3.8) | 2.7 (1.3–3.7) | 2.2 (1.1–3.5) | 0.338 |
| IGI/IR | 0.04 (0.02–0.07) | 0.08 (0.01–0.1) | 0.1 (0.05–0.2)*∧ | 0.001 | 0.3 (0.2–0.5) | 0.3 (0.2–0.5) | 0.4 (0.3–0.7)*∧ | 0.002 | 0.5 (0.4–0.8) | 0.5 (0.4–1.5) | 0.8 (0.4–1.3) | 0.558 |
| Disposition Index | 0.5 (0.3–0.8) | 0.8 (0.1–1.3) | 1.2 (0.7–1.9)*∧ | 0.005 | 2.4 (1.5–3.4) | 2.6 (1.6–3.6) | 4.1 (2.4–6.4)*∧ | 0.000 | 5.5 (3.1–6.8) | 4.6 (3.4–8.1) | 6.8 (3.9–9.6)* | 0.264 |
| ISSI2 | 8.2 (5.5–10.2) | 8.8 (4.6–13.1) | 17.8 (13.3–23.3)*∧ | 0.000 | 23.3 (18.2–28.6) | 24.8 (17.7–31.2) | 33.7 (25.8–40.1)*∧ | 0.000 | 29.7 (27.9–38.5) | 30.2 (23.9–49.5) | 41.0 (33.0–46.8)* | 0.017 |
| MBCI | 7.4 (3.3–8.2) | 4.1 (2.8–7.5) | 4.0 (2.7–6.7)* | 0.115 | 8.1 (5.5–12.2) | 4.9 (3.5–7.4)* | 6.3 (3.7–9.8) | 0.028 | 14.3 (9.9–19.9) | 6.7 (5.4–11.7) | 10.2 (5.7–17.8) | 0.174 |
| eFPIS (pmol/L) | 806.4 (214.2–1187.0) | 422.1 (71.5–825.2) | 694.9 (112.7–912.1) | 0.311 | 1757.4 (1168.3–2389.8) | 1270.5 (847.8–2156.9)* | 1086.9 (786.3–1431.6)*∧ | 0.000 | 3185.5 (1477.4–4321.4) | 2141.1 (1532.4–2900.3)* | 1980.6 (998.5–3467.8)*∧ | 0.046 |
| eSPIS (pmol/L) | 234.1 (105.9–326.2) | 154.3 (82.4–240.2) | 202.1 (89.9–263.9) | 0.249 | 441.8 (327.8–605.8) | 344.8 (242.2–544.8)* | 288.2 (216.1–371.9)*∧ | 0.000 | 775.0 (377.8–1036.6) | 524.9 (394.4–710.1) | 491.6 (266.4–836.3)* | 0.039 |
| Indices of insulin sensitivity | ||||||||||||
| HOMA1-%S (INS) | 16.3 (11.9–27.7) | 29.6 (14.5–45.8)* | 44.1 (32.0–58.6)*∧ | 0.002 | 22.2 (16.3–31.7) | 36.6 (23.4–51.9)* | 59.9 (39.1–79.2)*∧ | 0.000 | 23.3 (16.9–39.1) | 38.3 (24.1–51.7)* | 43.4 (31.3–69.9)* | 0.002 |
| HOMA2-%S (INS) | 37.4 (28.1–71.0) | 64.4 (39.7–91.5)* | 88.8 (69.3–101.8)*∧ | 0.002 | 43.7(32.6–59.0) | 67.7 (43.6–97.1)* | 101.4 (70.8–135.5)*∧ | 0.000 | 42.5 (30.1–69.8) | 71.8 (42.7–89.2)* | 72.7 (53.7–125.0)* | 0.002 |
| HOMA2-%S (CP) | 56.6 (40.7–75.2) | 58.9 (42.2–89.2) | 74.3 (63.7–90.5)*∧ | 0.042 | 52.1(43.1–70.2) | 66.5 (48.6–86.8) | 104.8 (82.2–119.5)*∧ | 0.000 | 62.2 (39.4–71.2) | 79.4 (56.1–92.6) | 81.1 (62.9–116.2)* | 0.105 |
| QUICKI | 0.47 (0.44–0.52) | 0.53 (0.46–0.59)* | 0.59 (0.50–0.63)*∧ | 0.002 | 0.50 (0.47–0.54) | 0.56 (0.50–0.61)* | 0.63 (0.55–0.69)*∧ | 0.000 | 0.50 (0.47–0.57) | 0.57 (0.50–0.61)* | 0.58 (0.54–0.66)* | 0.002 |
| Matsuda Index (WBISI) | 1.8 (1.5–3.4) | 2.8 (1.8–4.9) | 4.6 (3.2–5.4)*∧ | 0.003 | 2.0 (1.5–2.6) | 2.8 (1.7–4.2)* | 5.5 (3.4–7.6)*∧ | 0.000 | 2.2 (1.3–3.3) | 2.6 (2.1–3.7)* | 3.5 (2.7–6.3)*∧ | 0.001 |
| eMCR (ml/kg/min/) | 6.2 (5.3–7.1) | 5.9 (5.2–6.9) | 8.3 (7.1–8.9)*∧ | 0.000 | 8.8 (7.6–9.6) | 8.3 (7.7–9.2) | 9.9 (9.3–10.5)*∧ | 0.000 | 9.8 (8.9–10.3) | 10.0 (9.0–10.5) | 10.3 (9.4–11.0)*∧ | 0.105 |
| Indices of insulin resistance | ||||||||||||
| HOMA1-IR (INS) | 6.2 (3.6–8.4) | 3.4 (2.2–6.9) | 2.3 (1.7–3.2)*∧ | 0.002 | 4.5 (3.2–6.1) | 2.7 (1.9–4.3)* | 1.7 (1.3–2.6)*∧ | 0.000 | 4.3 (2.6–6.2) | 2.6 (2.0–4.6) | 2.3 (1.4–3.2)* | 0.002 |
| HOMA2-IR (INS) | 2.7 (1.4–3.6) | 1.6 (1.1–2.5) | 1.1 (1.0–1.4)*∧ | 0.002 | 2.3 (1.7–3.1) | 1.5 (1.0–2.3)* | 1.0 (0.7–1.4)*∧ | 0.000 | 2.4 (1.4–3.5) | 1.4 (1.1–2.5) | 1.4 (0.8–1.9)* | 0.002 |
| HOMA2-IR (CP) | 1.8 (1.3–2.5) | 1.7 (1.1–2.4) | 1.3 (1.1–1.6)*∧ | 0.042 | 1.9 (1.4–2.3) | 1.5 (1.2–2.1) | 1.0 (0.8–1.2)*∧ | 0.000 | 1.6 (1.4–2.5) | 1.3 (1.1–1.8)* | 1.2 (0.9–1.6)* | 0.098 |
| IAI | 0.0072(0.0053–0.012) | 0.013 (0.0065–0.02)* | 0.020 (0.01–0.03)*∧ | 0.002 | 0.0099 (0.0073–0.014) | 0.017 (0.010–0.023)* | 0.026 (0.016–0.035)*∧ | 0.000 | 0.010 (0.0075–0.017) | 0.017 (0.011–0.023)* | 0.019 (0.014–0.031)* | 0.002 |
TC, total cholesterol; TG, total triglycerides; GH, growth hormone; IGF-1, insulin-like growth factor-1; ULN, upper limit of normal; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; FINS, fasting insulin; FCP, fasting C-peptide; HOMA-%β, homeostasis assessment model of β-cell function; AUC, areas under the curve; IGI, insulinogenic index; DI, disposition index; ISSI2, the OGTT insulin secretion sensitivity index 2; MBCI, modified β-cell function index; eFPIS, estimated first phase insulin release; eSPIS, estimated second phase insulin release; HOMA-%S, homeostasis assessment model of insulin sensitivity; QUICKI, quantitative insulin sensitivity check index; WBISI, whole body insulin sensitivity index; eMCR, estimated metabolic clearance rate of glucose; HOMA-IR, homeostasis assessment model of insulin resistance; IAI, insulin activity index.
P values are for variations among the preoperative, immediately postoperative and 3-month postoperative groups.
*
Means that p < 0.05 vs. the preoperative group.
∧
Means that p < 0.05 for immediately postoperative group vs. 3-month postoperative group.
Bold values means P < 0.05.