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. 2019 Nov 7;5:142. doi: 10.1038/s41420-019-0222-2

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — a Front view of Normal paw indicating no swelling (arthritic score 0). b Arthritic mice paw showing signs of ankylosis, swelling and joint deformation (arthritic score 4). c Back view of normal paw showing no signs of rheumatic nodules. d Arthritic mice paw showing rheumatic nodule formation, swelling and severe abscission denoted by a dotted circle. e From day 7–28, the paw edema increased significantly in arthritic mice in comparison to control mice (p = < 0.0001). f The paw width of arthritic mice significantly (p = < 0.0001) deviated from those of normal mice. g On day 30, treatment groups were administered oral dose of standard drugs and extracts and minimal difference was observed in paw size of treated groups as compared with arthritic group at the end of week 1. h During week 2 paw sizes started to reduce but no significant difference was observed in treated groups as compared with arthritic group. i During week 3 of treatment ethyl acetate extract started its effect by reducing the paw size that is nearly equal to the paw size of control group. j During week 4 aqueous extract and HCQ treated mice started to reduced paw size to normal whereas ethyl acetate extract further reduced paw size to normal. k During week 5 all the treated groups began to reduce paw edema. The paw size of all treatment groups became nearly equal to the paw size of the control group. l On week 6, the paw measurement revealed that paw edema diminished in all treatment groups. a–d Dotted circle indicate abscess whereas arrow denotes ankylosis. e–l Data were obtained from three independent observations and has been presented as mean ± SEM and student’s t-test was performed. Data were obtained from three independent observations and has been presented as mean ± SEM and student’s t-test was performed to calculate statistically significant difference between control group and other experimental groups. p-value < 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001; ****p < 0.0001. The dose administered is; aqueous extract of Thymus serpyllum (TS-Aq) and ethyl acetate extract of Thymus serpyllum (TS-EA) is 660 mg/kg, Leflunomide (Lef) is 10 mg/kg and Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) is 25 mg/kg