Fig. 5.

Characteristics of S. aureus and E. coli after culturing for 12 h on the TiO₂ periodic micro/nano-pillar arrays. (a) Typical CLSM images of S. aureus on one flat area and nine patterned areas, respectively; (b) Quantitative statistical analysis of relative S. aureus occupied area percentage which is normalized by that on TiO₂_Flat. Error bar = SEM; (c) Typical CLSM images of E. coli on one flat area and nine patterned areas, respectively; (d) Quantitative statistical analysis of relative E. coli occupied area percentage which is normalized by that on TiO₂_Flat. Error bar = SEM. One asterisk (*) indicates significant difference at p < 0.05, two asterisks (**) indicate significant difference at p < 0.01 in t-tests.