The PKCα-SWELL1-cyclinD1/CDK2 pathway regulates HCC cell growth, and the upstream role of SPHK1 in the SWELL1-PKCa pathway. (a) The expression of SWELL1, PKCa, p-PKCa, cyclinD1, and CDK2 was analysed by western blotting after PKCa expression was suppressed with or without SWELL1 over-expression. (b) The results of cell cycle analysis with flow cytometry after suppressing PKCa with or without SWELL1 over-expression. (c) The expression of SWELL1, PKCa, and p-PKCa was analysed by western blotting after SPHK1 expression was suppressed with or without high SWELL1 expression in HCC cells. GAPDH was used as the loading control. The blot density of the western blotting in (a) and (c) was quantified using the ImageJ software. *P < .05, **P < .01. Data are represented as the mean ± SD of three independent experiments and compared using Student's t-test (when two groups are compared), or one-way ANOVA followed by a Tukey test (when three groups are compared).