Table 1.
Characteristics of the included studies
| Author (year) | Country | Outcome | Interventions | Controls | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Energy (kcal) | Nutrient contents added to controls | Energy (kcal) | Composition | |||
| Adu-Afarwuah (2015) | Ghana | LBW, SGA, PB, SB, AB, PD, BW, BL,HC, WAZ, and HAZ | 118 | Mg, P, K, Ca, protein, and lipid | 0 | Other MMN; IFA |
| Ashorn (2015) | Malawi | LBW, SGA, PB, SB, AB, PD, UW, ST, BW, BL, and AC | 118 | Mg, P, K, Ca, protein, and lipid | 0 | Other MMN; IFA |
| Callaghan-Gillespie (2017) | Malawi | SB, AB, UW, ST, BW, BL, HC, AC, WAZ, and HAZ | 920 | Lipid | 893 | UNIMAP and CSB; IFA and CSB |
| Huybregts (2009, 2013)* | Burkina Faso | LBW, SGA, PB, SB, AB, PD, ST, BW, BL, HC, and AC | 373 | Ca, protein, lipid, carbohydrates, and DF | 0 | UNIMAP |
| Johnson (2017) | Gambia | LBW, SGA, PB, and WAZ | 746 | Protein and lipid | 0 | Nearly 2-fold UNIMAP; IFA |
| Mridha (2015, 2017) | Bangladesh | LBW, SGA, PB, SB, AB, UW, ST, BW, BL, HC, and AC | 118 | Mg, P, K, Ca, Cu, Zn, Se, I, protein, and lipid | 0 | IFA |
AB = abortion; AC = arm circumference; BL = birth length; BW = birthweight; CSB = corn–soy blend; DF = dietary fiber; HAZ = height-for-age z-score; HC = head circumference; IFA = iron folic acid; LBW = low birthweight; MMN = multiple micronutrients; PB = preterm birth; PD = perinatal death; SB = stillbirth; SGA = small for gestational age; ST = stunting; UNIMAP = United Nations multiple micronutrient preparation; UW = underweight; WAZ = weight-for-age z-score.
* Sources into which those of Huybregts (2009, 2013), of Lanou (2014), and of Toe (2015) were integrated.