Table 3.

Annual impact of antibiotic resistance on costs of pneumococcal infections in Ethiopia

Outcomes	Value*	95% Probabilistic sensitivity analysis CI†
Average costs per successful first-line treatment
Overall costs, USD	16.69	12.05	25.89
Direct medical costs, USD	5.78	2.13	13.03
Direct nonmedical costs, USD	1.54	0.56	3.46
Productivity losses for caregiver, USD	9.37	9.36	9.40
Average costs per treatment failure due to resistance
Overall costs, USD	35.39	25.90	52.97
Direct medical costs, USD	11.39	3.91	25.23
Direct nonmedical costs, USD	3.03	1.03	6.72
Short-term productivity losses (caregiver), USD	20.97	20.95	21.02
Long-term productivity losses (death/disability), USD	45.32	11.94	92.89
Annual costs incurred by first-line treatments due to resistance
Overall costs, USD	3,267,389	2,149,468	5,658,071
Direct medical costs, USD	1,131,602	378,609	2,851,699
Direct nonmedical costs, USD	300,688	99,672	758,165
Productivity losses for caregiver, USD	1,835,099	1,671,186	2,048,206
Annual costs incurred by second-line treatments due to resistance
Overall costs, USD	3,661,208	2,547,098	5,741,984
Direct medical costs, USD	1,098,473	329,218	2,585,820
Direct nonmedical costs, USD	292,546	87,430	689,212
Short-term productivity losses (caregiver), USD	2,270,190	2,130,451	2,466,952
Long-term productivity losses (death/disability), USD	8,872,107	2,158,860	20,017,281

CI = confidence interval; USD = United States dollars.

* Point estimates were derived by taking average values across 10,000 base case simulations.

† The 2.5th and 97.5th percentiles across 10,000 probabilistic sensitivity analyses were used to derive 95% CIs.