Table 2. Surgical intervention and related morbidities in Korean VLBW infants.
| Variables | Total (n = 7,885) | Group I (n = 2,135) | Group II (n = 2,962) | Group III (n = 2,788) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Central nervous system | ||||||
| IVH (grade III–IV) | 703 (8.9) | 475 (22.3) | 184 (6.2) | 44 (1.6) | ||
| PHH | 316 (4.0) | 213 (10.0) | 85 (2.9) | 18 (0.7) | ||
| Ventriculo-peritoneal shunt operation | 41 (0.5) | 23 (1.1) | 14 (0.5) | 4 (0.1) | ||
| Mortality due to IVH and PHH | 79 (1.0) | 63 (2.9) | 16 (0.5) | 0 (0) | ||
| Mortality due to PHH before operation | 28 (0.4) | 10 (0.5) | 10 (0.3) | 8 (0.3) | ||
| Cystic periventricular leukomalacia | 261 (3.3) | 187 (8.8) | 54 (1.8) | 20 (0.7) | ||
| Retinopathy of prematurity | ||||||
| Highest stage ≥ III | 766 (9.7) | 396 (18.6) | 228 (7.7) | 142 (5.1) | ||
| Highest stage ≥ IV | 16 (0.2) | 12 (0.6) | 1 (0.0) | 3 (0.01) | ||
| Zone I retinopathy | 149 (1.9) | 101 (4.7) | 33 (1.1) | 15 (0.5) | ||
| Anti-VEGF treatment | 295 (3.6) | 153 (7.2) | 84 (2.8) | 46 (1.7) | ||
| Laser operation | 585 (7.4) | 443 (20.8) | 128 (4.3) | 14 (0.5) | ||
| Postnatal age of operation, day (IQR) | 85.2 ± 28.7 (69–93) | 88.1 ± 30.7 (70–95) | 76.3 ± 17.1 (60–87) | 66.3 ± 26.8 (48–85) | ||
| PDA | ||||||
| Intervention for symptomatic PDA | 2,008 (25.5) | 826 (38.7) | 828 (28.0) | 354 (12.7) | ||
| Prophylactic or pre-symptomatic treatment | 894 (11.3) | 345 (16.2) | 373 (12.6) | 176 (6.3) | ||
| Indomethacin or ibuprofen | 2,612 (33.1) | 1,036 (48.5) | 1,098 (37.1) | 478 (17.1) | ||
| Surgical ligation | 840 (10.7) | 480 (22.5) | 286 (9.7) | 74 (2.7) | ||
| Postnatal age of ligation, day (IQR) | 20.4 ± 22.4 (9–25) | 22.2 ± 25.8 (10–26) | 18.6 ± 16.2 (8–24) | 16.5 ± 17.4 (6–23) | ||
| Respiratory sequelae | ||||||
| BPD (moderate to severe) | 2,019 (25.6) | 896 (42.0) | 826 (27.9) | 297 (10.7) | ||
| Moderate | 797 (10.1) | 270 (12.7) | 380 (12.8) | 147 (5.3) | ||
| Severe | 1,222 (15.5) | 626 (29.3) | 446 (15.1) | 150 (5.4) | ||
| BPD (moderate to severe) or mortality before corrected age 36 weeks | 2,968 (37.6) | 1,562 (73.2) | 1,014 (34.2) | 392 (14.1) | ||
| Tracheostomy before hospital discharge | 8 (0.1) | 2 (0.1) | 4 (0.1) | 2 (0.1) | ||
| Tracheostomy before postnatal 24 months | 12 (0.2) | 3 (0.1) | 4 (0.1) | 5 (0.2) | ||
| Necrotizing enterocolitis | ||||||
| Stage ≥ 2b | 520 (6.6) | 284 (13.3) | 167 (5.6) | 69 (2.5) | ||
| Operation | 283 (3.6) | 185 (8.7) | 72 (2.4) | 26 (0.9) | ||
| Laparotomy | 231 (2.9) | 150 (7.0) | 61 (2.1) | 20 (0.7) | ||
| Peritoneal drainage | 10 (0.1) | 7 (0.3) | 2 (0.1) | 1 (0.0) | ||
| Peritoneal drain followed by laparotomy | 39 (0.5) | 26 (1.2) | 8 (0.3) | 5 (0.2) | ||
| Postnatal age of operation, day | 21.9 ± 20.0 | 19.6 ± 15.8 | 28.7 ± 27.0 | 11.5 ± 7.7 | ||
| Hospital discharge with ostomy | 44 (0.6) | 19 (0.9) | 18 (0.6) | 7 (0.3) | ||
| Spontaneous intestinal perforation | ||||||
| Operation | 163 (2.1) | 101 (4.7) | 46 (1.6) | 16 (0.6) | ||
| Laparotomy | 125 (1.6) | 61 (2.9) | 37 (1.3) | 27 (1.0) | ||
| Peritoneal drainage | 10 (0.1) | 7 (0.3) | 2 (0.1) | 1 (0.0) | ||
| Peritoneal drain followed by laparotomy | 18 (0.2) | 7 (0.3) | 4 (0.1) | 7 (0.3) | ||
| Postnatal age of operation, day | 24.9 ± 53.2 | 25.8 ± 57.9 | 26.6 ± 46.8 | 3.3 ± 2.1 | ||
Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation or number (%).
VLBW = very low birth weight, IVH = intraventricular hemorrhage, PHH = post-hemorrhagic hydrocephalus, VEGF = vascular endothelial growth factor, IQR = interquartile range, PDA = patent ductus arteriosus, BPD = bronchopulmonary dysplasia.