Table 5. Increased risk of neurodevelopmental impairment according to the frequency and type of surgical intervention.
| Variables | Adjusted ORa | 95% CI | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Any surgery | 1.7 | 1.1–2.7 | |
| No. of surgeries, per each additional surgery | 1.5 | 1.1–2.1 | |
| Single surgery vs. no surgery | 1.6 | 0.9–2.6 | |
| Two surgeries vs. no surgery | 1.8 | 0.9–4.4 | |
| Three or more surgeries versus no surgery | 4.8 | 1.4–15.9 | |
| PDA ligation | 1.5 | 0.9–2.6 | |
| ROP laser operation | 2.2 | 1.2–3.9 | |
| NEC surgery | 2.0 | 1.1–2.5 | |
| SIP surgery | 1.8 | 0.9–3.4 | |
| VP shunt | 7.6 | 2.7–20.9 | |
| Tracheostomy | 5.0 | 1.6–43.5 | |
OR = odds ratio, CI = confidence interval, PDA = patent ductus arteriosus, ROP = retinopathy or prematurity, NEC = necrotizing enterocolitis, SIP = spontaneous intestinal perforation, VP = ventriculoperitoneal.
aAdjusted gestational age and antenatal steroid use, intraventricular hemorrhage grade 3 or 4, retinopathy or prematurity stage 3 or greater, moderate to severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia, necrotizing enterocolitis stage 2 or greater, blood culture proven sepsis.