Fig. 1.

The urinary excretion rate (% of the dose) of caffeic acid (A), p-coumaric acid (B), and ferulic acid (C) after oral administration to non-fasted rats. The data represent the mean ± SE (n = 4). Forty mg/kg BW of caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, or ferulic acid was gavaged to the non-fasted rats. The rats were fed the AIN-93M diet throughout the experiment. The urine was collected at time intervals of 0–6 h, 6–24 h, and 24–48 h after HA administration. The numbers above the bars comprise the mean values. A single asterisk (*) and different letters indicate statistically significant differences (P < 0.05).