Figure 4.

Systems biology links to translational medicine lighting the way to prevent DKD. Schematic diagrams show (A) the methods of big data collection, including OMICS data at different levels in available public database, and precise model construction, including model development, validation, and prediction in the current systems biology medical research and (B) the translational applications in the clinic. GEO, Gene Expression Omnibus; TCGA, The Cancer Genome Atlas; ENA, European Nucleotide Archive; MSigDB, Molecular Signatures Database; STRING, String Protein–Protein Interaction Networks; dbSNP: Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Database; MethBank, Methylation Bank; ODE, Ordinary Differential Equation; PDE, Partial Differential Equation; SDE, Stochastic Differential Equations.