Table 2.
List of Selected Promising Biomarkers for Incipient Diabetic Kidney Disease in Human.
| Biomarkers | Methods | Direction of Excretion | Biological Mechanisms | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| KIM-1 | TEM | ↑(serum, urine) | Predicting renal function decline and prior to the changes of eGFR | [142,143] |
| NGAL | TEM | ↑(plasma, urine) | Tubular Damage in DKD | [144,147] |
| NAG | TEM | ↑(urine) | Predicting the severity of DKD | [149] |
| MCP-1 | TEM | ↑(serum, urine) | Promoting kidney local microenvironment | [168,169] |
| EGF/MCP-1 ratio | TEM | ↓(urine) | Tubular cell survival factor | [141] |
| Complement 7 | MiA | ↑(serum, kidney) | Early warning signal of DKD | [148] |
| miR126,155,29b | MiA | ↑ (urine, kidney) | Regulating response to proinflammatory molecules | [152] |
| miR362-3P,877-3P,150-5P | MiA | ↑ (urinary exosome) | miRNA candidates in incipient T2DM-DKD | [151] |
| miR15a-5P | MiA | ↓(urinary exosome) | miRNA candidates in incipient T2DM-DKD | [151] |
| miR27-3b,1228-3p | MiA | ↓ (urine, kidney) | Discriminating DKD from other nephritis in T2DM patient | [155] |
| Haptoglobin | Pro | ↑(urine) | Early indicator of DKD | [154] |
| AMBP | Pro | ↑(urine) | Proximal tubular dysfunction in DKD | [154] |
| TGOLN2 | Pro | ↑(serum) | Distinguishing T2DM and T2DM-DKD | Zhou unpublished |
| 7-methyluric acid | Metab | ↓ (urine) | Distinguishing T2DM and T2DM-DKD | [163] |
| Xanthosine | Metab | ↓ (urine) | Distinguishing T2DM and T2DM-DKD | [163] |
| Gluconic acid | Metab | ↑(serum) | Predicting the severity of DKD | Zhou unpublished |
Abbreviations: AMBP: α-1-microglobulin/bikunin precursor; TGOLN2: Trans-golgi network protein 2; TEM: traditional experimental method; MiA: microarray; Pro: proteomics; Metab: metabolomics.