Table 2.

Associations between involvement with child welfare services, household dysfunction (ages 0–18), and premature all-cause mortality (ages 19–65). Results from multivariable Cox regression models (n = 14,004).

	Premature all-cause mortality
	Model 1a		Model 2b		Model 3c
	HR	95% CI	HR	95% CI	HR	95% CI
Involvement with child welfare services
Majority population (ref.)	1.00		1.00		1.00
Not substantiated investigation	1.81	1.55, 2.12	1.78	1.52, 2.09	1.76	1.50, 2.07
In-home services	2.53	1.93, 3.32	2.47	1.88, 3.25	2.41	1.82, 3.18
Placement in OHC	3.08	2.68, 3.53	2.97	2.57, 3.43	2.91	2.49, 3.39
Household dysfunction
Alcohol problems	1.81	1.48, 2.22			1.23	0.99, 1.53
Divorce	1.30	1.11, 1.51			0.98	0.83, 1.15
Mental illness	1.55	1.29, 1.86			0.93	0.77, 1.14
Incarceration	1.77	1.31, 2.40			1.17	0.85, 1.61
Death	1.29	1.06, 1.57			1.15	0.95, 1.41
Family socioeconomic conditions
Occupational class
Upper (middle) class	0.83	0.69, 1.00	0.94	0.78, 1.13	0.94	0.78, 1.13
Lower middle class (ref.)	1.00		1.00		1.00
Working class	1.17	1.04, 1.31	1.03	0.92, 1.16	1.03	0.92, 1.16
Marital status (ref. = unmarried)
Married	0.66	0.55, 0.79	0.92	0.76, 1.12	0.93	0.77, 1.13
Maternal age (ref. = 20–34years)
<20 years	1.40	1.12, 1.75	1.10	0.87, 1.40	1.11	0.87, 1.41
≥35 years	0.94	0.81, 1,10	0.95	0.82, 1.11	0.94	0.81, 1.10

HR=Hazard ratios; CI=Confidence interval.

Bold face = p < 0.001.

^aAdjusted for gender. Each independent variable entered in a separate model.

^bAdjusted for gender. Child welfare services and family socioeconomic conditions entered simultaneously (mutually adjusted).

^cAdjusted for gender. Child welfare services, household dysfunction and family socioeconomic conditions entered simultaneously (mutually adjusted).