Table 3.

Associations between involvement with child welfare services (ages 0–18) and premature all-cause mortality (ages 19–65). Stratified by reason for involvement with child welfare services. Results from multivariable Cox regression models (subsamples for family circumstances, n = 12,314; behavioural problems, n = 12,714).

	Premature all-cause mortality
	Model 1a		Model 2b		Model 3c
	HR	95% CI	HR	95% CI	HR	95% CI
Involvement with child welfare services because of family circumstances
Majority population (ref.)	1.00		1.00		1.00
Not substantiated investigation	1.75	1.21, 2.54	1.66	1.14, 2.42	1.53	1.03, 2.26
In-home services	2.98	1.84, 4.81	2.65	1.61, 4.35	2.40	1.43, 4.02
Placement in OHC	2.29	1.94, 2.71	2.17	1.82, 2.59	2.07	1.71, 2.51
	Model 1a		Model 2b		Model 3c
	HR	95% CI	HR	95% CI	HR	95% CI
Involvement with child welfare services because of behavioural problems
Majority population (ref.)	1.00		1.00		1.00
Not substantiated investigation	2.01	1.70, 2.37	1.81	1.52, 2.14	1.79	1.51, 2.13
In-home services	2.90	2.14, 3.94	2.40	1.74, 3.31	2.35	1.70, 3.25
Placement in OHC	6.56	5.41, 7.97	6.21	5.07, 7.61	6.04	4.89, 7.46

HR=Hazard ratios; CI=Confidence interval.

Bold face = p < 0.001.

^aAdjusted for gender.

^bAdjusted for gender and family socioeconomic conditions (occupational class, marital status, and maternal age).

^cAdjusted for gender and household dysfunction (alcohol problems, divorce, mental illness, incarceration, death) and family socioeconomic conditions (occupational class, marital status, and maternal age).