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. 2019 Nov 8;7:172. doi: 10.1186/s40478-019-0830-3

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© The Author(s). 2019

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

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Fig. 9 — The tumor microenvironment of PitNETs. Pituitary tumour cells release different cytokines, particularly chemokines (including IL-8, CCL2, CCL3, CCL4, CXCL10, CXCL1), directly into the tumour microenvironment promoting the recruitment and infiltration of immune cells, including macrophages, lymphocytes and neutrophils. PitNET-infiltrating immune cells change the behaviour of pituitary tumour cells, namely increasing their proliferative capacity. PitNET-associated fibroblasts are also able to secrete cytokines into the TME, including IL-6 and other chemokines, which in turn lead to increased invasion of pituitary tumour cells