Table 1.
Baseline and 1-year values of clinical, biofluid biomarker, and imaging variables in the PD group and HC groups. NC, not collected as per study protocol; BMI, body mass index; CSF, cerebrospinal fluid; ESS, Epworth Sleepiness Scale; GDS-15, 15-item Geriatric Depression Scale; PIGD, postural instability gait disorder; MoCA, Montreal Cognitive Assessment; RBDSQ, REM Sleep Behavior Disorder Questionnaire; SBR, specific binding ratio; SCOPA-AUT, Scales for Outcomes in Parkinsons—Autonomic; SBP, systolic blood pressure
| Variable | PD group | HC group | p-value for significance of difference: | |||
| (N = 413) | (N = 185) | |||||
| BL* | 1 year* | BL* | 1 year* | from BL to 1 year, PD vs HC | from BL to 1 year in PD group | |
| H&Y score (N) | H&Y 0:0 | H&Y 0:1 | H&Y 0:182 | H&Y 0:178 | n/a** | <0.0001** |
| H&Y 1:181 | H&Y 1:99 | H&Y 1:2 | H&Y 1:3 | |||
| H&Y ≥2:232 | H&Y ≥2:233 | H&Y ≥2:0 | H&Y ≥2:4 | |||
| Missing: 0 | Missing: 80 | Missing: 1 | Missing: 0 | |||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 27.1 (4.6; 16.9–43.8; 3) | 26.8 (4.6; 16.7–44.2; 40) | 26.9 (4.4; 17.5–42.3; 1) | 27.18 (4.9; 18.0–45.4; 1) | 0.0002 | 0.0003 |
| Schwab and England total score (S&E) | 93.2 (5.9; 70–100; 0) | 90.5 (6.7; 70–100; 20) | NC | NC | NC | <0.0001 |
| Tremor score | 0.5 (0.3; 0–1.8; 19) | 0.6 (0.4; 0–2;79) | 0.0 (0.1; 0–0.6; 1) | 0.1 (0.1; 0–0.6; 1) | 0.0006 | <0.0001 |
| PIGD score | 0.2 (0.2; 0–14; 1) | 0.3 (0.3; 0–1.8; 79) | 0.0 (0.1; 0–0.8; 1) | 0.0 (0.1; 0–0.6; 1) | 0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| GDS-15 Total Score | 2.3 (2.4; 0–14; 0) | 2.6 (2.9; 0–15; 18) | 1.3 (2.1; 0–15; 0) | 1.4 (2.4; 0–15; 0) | 0.6046 | 0.0828 |
| SCOPA-AUT Total Score | 9.4 (6.2; 0–39; 8) | 10.9 (6.4; 0–45, 23) | 5.8 (3.7; 0–20; 2) | 5.8 (4.4; 0–22; 2) | 0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| STAI Score | 65.2 (18.2; 40–137; 1) | 65.2 (18.7; 40–142; 18) | 57.0 (14.1; 40–105; 0) | 56.2 (16.7; 40–128; 0) | 0.5840 | 0.7460 |
| ESS total score | 5.7 (3.4; 0–20; 0) | 6.1 (4.0; 0–21; 18) | 5.6 (3.4; 0–19; 1) | 5.4 (3.2; 0–16; 1) | 0.0409 | 0.0240 |
| RBDSQ total score | 4.1 (2.7; 0–12; 3) | 4.1 (2.8; 0–13; 20) | 2.8 (2.2; 0–11; 0) | 2.8 (2.3; 0–11; 0) | 0.9704 | 0.9154 |
| Orthostatic SBP change | 4.7 (12.7; –31–72; 1) | 3.9 (13.1; –32–58; 20) | 1.9 (12.3; –47–41; 0) | 1.6 (10.5; –26–30; 0) | 0.6911 | 0.1679 |
| Mean striatum SBR | 1.41 (0.39; 0.31–2.64; 3) | 1.24 (0.4; 0.2–2.7; 45) | 2.6 (0.6; 0.98–4.2; 1) | NC | NC | <0.0001 |
| Mean putamen SBR SBR | 0.8 (0.3; 0.2–2.1; 3) | 0.7 (0.3; 0.05–2.3; 45) | 2.14 (0.5; 0.6–3.9; 1) | NC | NC | <0.0001 |
| MoCA | 27.1 (2.3; 17–30; 3) | 26.3 (2.8; 15–30; 21) | 28.2 (1.1; 26–30; 0) | 27.3 (2.2; 20–30; 0) | 0.5736 | <0.0001 |
| CSF amyloid-β1–42 | 849.10 (320.8; 238.8–1664.0; 68) | 818.20 (310.3; 249.5–1645.0; 116) | 899.54 (333.2; 239.1–1632.0; 36) | 930.9 (318.9; 312–1611; 52) | 0.0080 | 0.1194 |
| CSF Total-Tau | 168.9 (57.0; 80.9–467.0; 55) | 169.1 (58.4; 82.2–388.7; 99) | 192.3 (79.2; 82.0–580.8; 23) | 200.4 (83.1; 82.4–600.1; 37) | 0.0851 | 0.8698 |
| CSF Phoso-Tau181 | 14.9 (5.2; 8.0–40.1; 82) | 14.9 (5.3; 8.2–34.3; 127) | 17.6 (8.5; 8.2–73.6; 32) | 18.2 (9.0; 8.3–80.1; 44) | 0.0336 | 0.7021 |
| CSF α-Synuclein | 1494.3 (672.1; 432.4–5256.9; 45) | 1425.5 (619.3; 420.0–3685.3; 88) | 1709.3 (761.2; 488.6–4683.1; 19) | 1778.9 (788.4; 517.1–4388.6; 32) | 0.0016 | 0.0032 |
*Values shown are mean (SD; range (min–max); number missing) for all continuous variables. **Hoehn and Yahr was the only variable examined as a categorical variable. The count in each stage followed by the number missing is indicated (H&Y 0:1:≥2; missing). Change is defined as change from 1 or 2 to >2. Comparison between the PD and HC group was not possible due to the small number of HC participants with H&Y >0 at any time points.