. 2019 Nov 4;26(5):98–112. doi: 10.21315/mjms2019.26.5.9

Table 4.

Parameter estimates for multinomial logistic regressions on hypertension

Hypertension	Predictor(s)	B Coefficient	Std. Error	Exp (B) Odds Ratio	95% Confidence Interval for Exp (B)		P-value
Hypertension	Predictor(s)	B Coefficient	Std. Error	Exp (B) Odds Ratio	Lower bound	Upper bound	P-value
Undiagnosed Hypertension	Intercept	2.007	0.126		< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001

	Age
	> 65 years old	2.017	0.114	7.518	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001
	55–64 years old	1.661	0.098	5.264	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001
	45–54 years old	1.165	0.095	3.205	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001
	35–44 years old	0.754	0.096	2.125	0.368	0.368	0.368
	25–34 years old	0.081	0.090	1.085	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001
	15–24 years old	0.363	0.078	0.695	–	–	–
	below 15 yrs old (R)	0^b	–	–
	Marital status
	Widow/widower or divorced	0.074	0.101	0.928	0.463	0.463	0.463
	Married	0.262	0.068	0.770	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001
	Single (R)	0^b	–	–	–	–	–
	Gender
	Female	0.165	0.039	0.848	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001
	Male (R)	0^b	–	–	–	–	–
	Physical activity
	Inactive	0.149	0.038	0.862	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001
	Active (R)	0^b	–	–	–	–	–
	Residential area
	Urban	0.079	0.037	0.924	0.034	0.034	0.034
	Rural (R)	0^b	–	–	–	–	–
	Race
	Others	0.055	0.082	0.946	0.806	1.111	0.499
	Other Bumiputra	0.101	0.061	1.106	0.981	1.247	0.099
	Indian	0.191	0.070	0.826	0.721	0.946	0.006
	Chinese	0.194	0.052	0.824	0.743	0.912	< 0.001
	Malays (R)	0^b	–	–	–	–	–
	Occupation
	Retire	0.085	0.078	1.089	0.935	1.268	0.273
	Home maker	0.131	0.068	1.139	0.997	1.302	0.055
	Self-employed	0.073	0.066	1.076	0.946	1.224	0.267
	Private	0.055	0.063	1.057	0.935	1.195	0.375
	Gov/Semi-Gov (R)	0^b	–	–	–	–	–
	Household income
	Above RM7,000	0.216	0.068	0.806	0.705	0.922	0.002
	RM5,001–RM7,000	0.138	0.070	0.871	0.760	0.998	0.047
	RM3,001–RM5,000	0.064	0.051	0.938	0.849	1.036	0.207
	RM1,501–RM3,000	0.000	0.045	1	0.916	1.093	0.996
	RM0–RM1,500 (R)	0^b	–	–	–	–	–
	Fruit & vege consumption
	Inadequate	0.019	0.068	1.020	0.893	1.164	0.773
	Adequate (R)	0^b	–	–	–	–	–
	Drinking status
	Unclassified	0.267	0.205	1.307	0.875	1.952	0.191
	Current drinker	0.203	0.067	1.225	1.074	1.398	0.003
	Ex-drinker	0.069	0.085	0.933	0.789	1.103	0.417
	Non-drinker (R)	0^b	–	–	–	–	–
	Smoking status
	Current smoker	0.026	0.047	0.974	0.889	1.068	0.578
	Ex-smoker	0.145	0.085	1.156	0.978	1.366	0.089
	Non-smoker (R)	0^b	–	–	–	–	–
	Education level
	Unclassified	0.190	0.103	1.209	0.988	1.479	0.065
	No formal	0.355	0.095	1.426	1.183	1.718	< 0.001
	Primary	0.389	0.069	1.475	1.289	1.688	< 0.001
	Secondary	0.270	0.059	1.310	1.167	1.469	< 0.001
	Tertiary (R)	0^b	–	–	–	–	–
	Body Mass Index
	Obese	0.841	0.048	2.318	2.112	2.545	< 0.001
	Overweight	0.496	0.042	1.642	1.513	1.783	< 0.001
	Underweight	0.106	0.076	0.899	0.775	1.043	0.161
	Normal weight (R)	0^b	–	–	–	–	–
Known Hypertension	Intercept	−1.883	0.135				< 0.001

	Age
	> 65 years old	1.690	0.123	5.418	4.255	6.898	< 0.001
	55–64 years old	1.229	0.109	3.417	2.759	4.231	< 0.001
	45–54 years old	0.406	0.108	1.501	1.214	1.856	< 0.001
	35–44 years old	−0.583	0.115	0.558	0.445	0.699	< 0.001
	25–34 years old	−1.625	0.119	0.197	0.156	0.249	< 0.001
	15–24 years old	−0.702	0.074	0.496	0.429	0.573	< 0.001
	below 15 yrs (R)	0^b	–	–	–	–	–
	Marital status
	Widow/widower or divorced	−0.030	0.116	0.970	0.772	1.219	0.794
	Married	−0.205	0.088	0.815	0.686	0.968	0.020
	Single (R)	0^b	–	–	–	–	–
	Gender
	Female	−0.004	0.041	0.996	0.919	1.078	0.914
	Male (R)	0^b	–	–	–	–	–
	Physical activity
	Inactive	0.143	0.038	1.154	1.070	1.244	< 0.001
	Active (R)	0^b	–	–	–	–	–
	Residential area
	Urban	0.064	0.039	0.938	0.869	1.014	0.106
	Rural (R)	0b	–	–	–	–	–
	Race
	Others	0.161	0.100	0.851	0.700	1.036	0.108
	Other Bumiputra	0.160	0.065	1.174	1.034	1.333	0.013
	Indian	0.007	0.071	1.007	0.877	1.157	0.918
	Chinese	0.030	0.053	0.970	0.875	1.075	0.562
	Malays (R)	0^b	–	–	–	–	–
	Occupation
	Retire	0.187	0.075	0.829	0.716	0.960	0.012
	Home maker	0.043	0.068	1.044	0.914	1.193	0.524
	Self-employed	0.209	0.069	0.811	0.708	0.929	0.003
	Private	0.241	0.067	0.786	0.690	0.896	< 0.001
	Gov/Semi gov (R)	0^b	–	–	–	–	–
	Household income
	Above RM7,000	0.055	0.069	1.056	0.923	1.210	0.427
	RM5,001–RM7,000	0.089	0.071	1.093	0.951	1.257	0.210
	RM3,001–RM5,000	0.014	0.054	1.014	0.913	1.127	0.793
	RM1,501–RM3,000	0.022	0.048	1.022	0.931	1.123	0.642
	RM0–RM1,500 (R)	0^b	–	–	–	–	–
	Fruit & vegetables consumption
	Inadequate	0.127	0.075	1.136	0.980	1.316	0.091
	Adequate (R)	0^b	–	–	–	–	–
	Drinking status
	Unclassified	0.863	0.164	2.370	1.717	3.271	< 0.001
	Current drinker	0.179	0.082	0.836	0.712	0.981	0.029
	Ex-drinker	0.088	0.089	1.092	0.917	1.299	0.325
	Non-drinker (R)	0^b	–	–	–	–	–
	Smoking status
	Current smoker	0.202	0.046	0.817	0.746	0.895	< 0.001
	Ex-smoker	0.199	0.089	1.220	1.025	1.452	0.025
	Non-smoker (R)	0^b	–	–	–	–	–
	Education level
	Unclassified	0.580	0.102	1.785	1.785	2.181	< 0.001
	No formal	0.580	0.105	1.786	1.786	2.195	< 0.001
	Primary	0.587	0.081	1.798	1.798	2.108	< 0.001
	Secondary	0.461	0.073	1.586	1.586	1.829	< 0.001
	Tertiary (R)	0^b	–	–	–	–	–
	Body Mass Index
	Obese	0.959	0.050	2.608	2.364	2.877	< 0.001
	Overweight	0.614	0.046	1.847	1.690	2.020	< 0.001
	Underweight	0.006	0.078	0.994	0.853	1.159	0.942
	Normal weight (R)	0^b	–	–	–	–	–