. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 May 1.

Published in final edited form as: Obesity (Silver Spring). 2019 Nov;27(11):1729–1737. doi: 10.1002/oby.22654

Table 2.

Body Composition Variables, Physical Fitness, and Diet Quality Scores

	Lean (n=26)	NOW (n=43)	Overweight-Obesity (n=110)
BMI (kg/m²)	23.9 ± 0.9^a	24.3 ± 0.7^a	30.8 ± 0.6^b
Total body mass (kg)	69.7 ± 2.9^a	68.5 ± 2.5^a	87.6 ± 1.9^b
Lean body mass (kg)	50.3 ± 1.5^a	44.4 ± 1.2^b	51.1 ± 1.0^a
Fat mass (kg)	16.5 ± 1.8^a	21.5 ± 1.5^b	33.6 ± 1.1^c
Total body fat (%)	23.1 ± 1.0^a	31.3 ± 0.8^b	37.7 ± 0.6^c
Visceral adipose tissue (kg)^*	0.22 ± 0.04^a	0.5 ± 0.1^b	1.3 ± 0.2^c
Waist circumference (cm)
Males	82.3 ± 3.2^a	85.8 ± 3.2^a	97.6 ± 2.6^b
Females	77.0 ± 2.9^a	77.5 ± 2.1^a	91.7 ± 1.7^b
VO2 Maximum (mL/min/kg)	42.9 ± 2.3^a	34.6 ± 2.0^b	34.2 ± 1.5^b
Met MVPA Guidelines^‡	6 (23)	10 (23)	28 (25)
Met Strength Guidelines^‡	10 (38)	8 (19)	23 (21)
Mediterranean Diet Score	4.7 ± 0.4	4.1 ± 0.4	3.9 ± 0.3
DASH Diet Score	5.5 ± 0.3^a	5.0 ± 0.2^a,b	4.9 ± 0.2^b
Alternative Healthy Eating Index	48.6 ± 2.6	46.8 ± 2.2	45.0 ± 1.7

Values are mean ± SE or n (%). Values not connected by the same letter are significantly different at p< 0.05. Variables adjusted for age, sex, race, and history of chronic disease. Abbreviations: NWO, group with normal weight obesity; BMI, body mass index; MVPA, moderate to vigorous physical activity; DASH, dietary approaches to stop hypertension.

Variable was natural log-transformed for analyses and back transformed for data presentation and reported as geometric mean ± SE.

^‡

Met the 2007 guidelines of 30 minutes of moderate activity exercises at least 5 times per week, 20 minutes of vigorous activity three times per week, or a combination of both. Subjects reported meeting the strength guidelines by performing muscular strengthening exercises at least twice per week.