Table 2.

Bivariate and multivariate associations (odds ratios) between lifetime DSM-IV mental disorders and the subsequent onset of chronic back or neck pain (N=52095).

	Bivariate Models¹		Multivariate Type Model²		Multivariate Number Model³

Mental disorders^#	OR	(95% C.I.)	OR	(95% C.I.)	OR	(95% C.I.)
I. Mood disorders
Major Depressive Episode/ Dysthymia	1.8^*	(1.7-1.9)	1.4^*	(1.3-1.5)	-	-
Bipolar Disorder (Broad)	2.1^*	(1.8-2.4)	1.1	(1.0-1.4)	-	-
II. Anxiety disorders
Panic Disorder	2.1^*	(1.8-2.3)	1.3^*	(1.1-1.4)	-	-
Generalized Anxiety Disorder	2.2^*	(2.0-2.4)	1.4^*	(1.3-1.6)	-	-
Social Phobia	1.9^*	(1.7-2.0)	1.3^*	(1.1-1.4)	-	-
Specific Phobia	1.8^*	(1.7-2.0)	1.5^*	(1.4-1.6)	-	-
Agoraphobia without Panic	1.8^*	(1.5-2.2)	1.0	(0.8-1.3)	-	-
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder	2.0^*	(1.7-2.2)	1.3^*	(1.1-1.4)	-	-
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder	1.9^*	(1.5-2.5)	1.4^*	(1.1-1.8)	-	-
III. Impulse-control disorders
Intermittent Explosive Disorder	2.2^*	(1.9-2.5)	1.5^*	(1.3-1.7)	-	-
Binge Eating Disorder	2.1^*	(1.6-2.8)	1.5^*	(1.1-2.0)	-	-
Bulimia Nervosa	2.9^*	(2.2-3.7)	1.6^*	(1.2-2.1)	-	-
IV. Substance disorders
Alcohol Abuse	1.7^*	(1.6-1.9)	1.3^*	(1.2-1.5)	-	-
Alcohol Dependence with Abuse	2.0^*	(1.7-2.3)	1.0	(0.9-1.2)	-	-
Drug Abuse	2.2^*	(1.9-2.5)	1.4^*	(1.2-1.6)	-	-
Drug Dependence with Abuse	2.1^*	(1.7-2.6)	0.8	(0.6-1.0)	-	-
Joint effect of all types of disorders, χ²₁₆				934.2^*
Difference between types of disorders,χ²₁₅				67.3^*
V. Number of disorders
None (reference)					1.0
Exactly 1 disorder	-	-	-	-	1.8^*	(1.7-2.0)
Exactly 2 disorders	-	-	-	-	2.2^*	(2.0-2.4)
Exactly 3 disorders	-	-	-	-	2.5^*	(2.2-2.8)
Exactly 4 disorders	-	-	-	-	2.5^*	(2.2-2.9)
5+ disorders	-	-	-	-	3.2^*	(2.7-3.7)
Joint effect of number of disorders, χ²₅						760.3^*

Significant at the 0.05 level, two-tailed test.

The reference category for all disorders is the absence of each diagnosis.

Bivariate models: each mental disorder type was estimated as a predictor of the physical condition onset in a separate discrete time survival model controlling for age cohorts, gender, person-year and country.

Multivariate Type model: the model was estimated with dummy variables for all mental disorders entered simultaneously, including the controls specified above.

Multivariate Number model: the model was estimated with dummy predictors for number of mental disorders without any information about type of mental disorders, including the controls specified above.