Table 2. Sex differences in various parameters.
| Total (n = 128) | Male (n = 79) | Female (n = 49) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 69.5 (12.6) | 67.3 (13.1) | 73.0 (10.9)* |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 23.7 (4.0) | 23.9 (4.0) | 23.4 (3.9) |
| NYHA | 2.2 (1.0) | 2.2 (1.1) | 2.1 (0.9) |
| Gait speed, m/s | 0.92 (0.31) [92] | 0.98 (0.31) [55] | 0.84 (0.29)* [37] |
| Grip strength, kgf | 23.0 (8.8) [94] | 27.1 (8.2) [56] | 16.8 (5.4)*** [38] |
| Knee extension strength, kgf | 21.4 (10.1) [88] | 24.6 (10.5) [52] | 16.7 (7.3)*** [36] |
| Body fat percentage, % | 31.2 (9.1) [106] | 27.2 (7.4) [66] | 37.7 (7.6)***[40] |
| Skeletal muscle mass index (SMI), kg/m2 | 6.4 (1.3) [104] | 7.1 (1.1) [65] | 5.4 (0.9)*** [39] |
| Anterior mid-thigh muscle thickness, cm | 2.28 (0.73) [89] | 2.37 (0.78) [53] | 2.16 (0.64) [36] |
| HbA1c, % | 6.1 (0.8) | 6.2 (0.9) | 5.9 (0.7) |
| BNP, pg/ml | 383 (583) | 377 (560) | 389 (622) |
| eGFR, ml/min/1.73 m2 | 60.0 (33.0) | 57.0 (29.6) | 64.9 (37.7) |
| Hb, g/dl | 12.3 (2.0) | 12.4 (2.2) | 11.9 (1.6) |
| LDL-C, mg/dl | 92.2 (27.6) | 89.5 (27.9) | 97.1 (26.8) |
| HDL-C, mg/dl | 53.5 (16.8) | 49.9 (15.3) | 59.1 (17.7)** |
| Non HDL-C, mg/dl | 114 (31.9) | 111 (32.9) | 119 (29.9) |
| T-Chol, mg/dl | 168 (38.0) | 161 (38.4) | 178 (35.4)* |
| TG, mg/dl | 107 (63) | 106 (61) | 109 (66) |
| Albumin (Alb), g/dl | 3.8 (0.62) | 3.8 (0.62) | 3.9 (0.61) |
| hsCRP, mg/dl | 0.85 (1.7) | 0.97 (2.0) | 0.64 (1.2) |
| Adiponectin, μg/ml | 9.5 (7.3) | 8.3 (7.1) | 11.5 (7.4)* |
| Leptin pg/ml | 4855 (6975) | 2929 (4286) | 7865 (9139)** |
| TNFα, pg/ml | 1.23 (0.68) | 1.31 (0.65) | 1.12 (0.71)* |
*p < 0.05
**p < 0.01 for male vs. female. [number]; number of patients that could be evaluated. The data are shown as the mean (SD). BNP, brain natriuretic peptide; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; hsCRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; TNFα, tumor necrosis factor α; TG, triglycerides; T-Chol, total cholesterol; HDL-C, high density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low density lipoprotein cholesterol; Hb, hemoglobin