Table 1.
Baseline characteristics according to albuminuria group
| All participants (n = 669) | Normoalbuminuria (n = 312) | Microalbuminuria (n = 168) | Macroalbuminuria (n = 189) | Normo- vs. micro- vs. macro-albuminuria p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Female, n (%) | 299 (45) | 155 (50) | 62 (37) | 81 (43) | 0.031 |
| Age, years | 55 ± 13 | 53 ± 14 | 58 ± 13 | 55 ± 10 | <0.001 |
| Diabetes duration, years | 35 [24–44] | 30 [9–41] | 36 [26–48] | 39 [31–45] | <0.001 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 26 ± 6 | 25 ± 4 | 26 ± 4 | 26 ± 9 | 0.036 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 132 ± 18 | 129 ± 16 | 134 ± 18 | 134 ± 19 | 0.001 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 74 ± 9 | 75 ± 9 | 73 ± 9 | 74 ± 10 | 0.030 |
|
HbA1c, % (mmol/mol) |
8.0 ± 1.2 (64 ± 13) |
7.8 ± 1.1 (62 ± 12) |
8.1 ± 1.2 (65 ± 13) |
8.4 ± 1.2 (68 ± 13) |
<0.001 |
| Total cholesterol, mmol/l | 4.7 ± 0.9 | 4.7 ± 0.8 | 4.7 ± 0.9 | 4.6 ± 1.0 | 0.360 |
| LDL cholesterol, mmol/l | 2.5 ± 0.8 | 2.5 ± 0.7 | 2.4 ± 0.8 | 2.5 ± 0.8 | 0.639 |
| HDL cholesterol, mmol/l | 1.7 ± 0.5 | 1.8 ± 0.6 | 1.7 ± 0.5 | 1.6 ± 0.5 | 0.001 |
| Triglycerides, mmol/l | 1.0 [0.7–1.3] | 0.9 [0.7–1.2] | 0.9 [0.7–1.4] | 1.1 [0.8–1.5] | 0.001 |
| eGFR, ml/min/1.73 m2 | 81 ± 26 | 92 ± 18 | 82 ± 23 | 63 ± 28 | <0.001 |
| aUAER, mg/24-h | 18 [8–64] | 8 [6–12] | 33 [17–61] | 137 [32–479] | <0.001 |
|
Retinopathy grade, n (%) Nil Simplex Proliferative Blind |
142 (24) 277 (42) 228 (34) 19 (3) |
108 (35) 149 (48) 49 (16) 3 (1) |
26 (15) 79 (47) 59 (35) 4 (2) |
8 (4) 49 (26) 120 (63) 12 (6) |
<0.001 |
| Smokers, n (%) | 139 (21) | 59 (19) | 32 (19) | 48 (25) | 0.181 |
| RAAS inhibition treatment, n (%) | 450 (67) | 134 (43) | 138 (82) | 178 (94) | <0.001 |
| Statin treatment (n, %) | 401 (60) | 129 (41) | 113 (68) | 158 (84) | <0.001 |
| Follow-up | |||||
| Progression in albuminuria group, n (%) | 37 (6) | 19 (6) | 18 (11) | NA | NA |
| Decline in eGFR ≥ 30%, n (%) | 93 (14) | 10 (3) | 19 (11) | 64 (34) | <0.001 |
| End stage renal disease, n (%) | 21 (3) | 0 | 3 (2) | 20 (11) | <0.001 |
| All-cause mortality, n (%) | 58 (9) | 12 (4) | 21 (13) | 25 (13) | <0.001 |
| Combined renal endpoint, n (%) | 123 (18) | 16 (5) | 29 (17) | 80 (42) | <0.001 |
Data are n (%, rounded), mean ± SD or median [IQR]. NA not applicable, UAER urinary albumin excretion rate, RAAS renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. The combined renal endpoint consisted of ≥30% decrease in eGFR from baseline, ESRD and all-cause mortality aSome individuals with previous persistent micro- or macroalbuminuria had lower values at baseline due to medication.