Table 1.

Thermophysical properties of the base fluid and the nanoparticles at 25 °C (Dinarvand and Pop⁴⁵, Nayak et al.⁴⁶ and Vajjha et al.⁴⁷).

Thermophysical properties	Pure water $({\mathbf{H}}_{\mathbf{2}}\mathbf{O})$	Titania $(\mathbf{T}\mathbf{i}{\mathbf{O}}_{\mathbf{2}})$	Copper oxide $(\mathbf{C}\mathbf{u}\mathbf{O})$
$C_p(\mathrm{J}/\mathrm{kg}\mathrm{.K})$	4179	686.2	533
$\rho (\mathrm{kg}/{\mathrm{m}}^{\mathrm{3}})$	997.1	4250	6500
$k(\mathrm{W}/\mathrm{m}.\mathrm{K})$	0.613	8.9538	17.65
Particle size (nm)	—	50	29