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. 2019 Nov 8;9:16313. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-52814-1

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Knockdown of ALDH3A1 induces production of 4-HNE and decreases β-oxidation in gastric cancer cells. (a) Knockdown of ALDH3A1 increases levels of 4-hydroxynonenal in SNU-638 and SK4 gastric cancer cells (as measured by immunocytochemical analysis). Scale bar S20 μm. (b,c) Seahorse XF analysis of SNU-638 cells treated sequentially with oligomycin, the chemical uncoupler FCCP, and antimycin A/Rotenone (downward arrows) in the presence of linoleic acid-BSA, oleic acid-BSA or BSA. Fatty acid oxidation in ALDH3A1-knockdown cells was lower than that in control cells. (d–f) ALDH3A1 knockdown in SNU-638 cells reduced oxygen consumption rates and respiratory parameters and oxygen consumption rates were measured with non-lipid substrate. Abbreviations: 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE); 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI); N-Acetylcysteine (NAC); Carbonyl cyanide-4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenylhydrazone (FCCP); Linoleic acid (LIN); Oleic acid (OLE). Data are expressed as the mean and standard deviation of three independent experiments. *p <0.05, **p <0.01, ***p <0.001.