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. 2019 Nov 8;9:16313. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-52814-1

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Gossypol increases 4-HNE levels and decreases β-oxidation in gastric cancer cells. (a) Gossypol (48 h) inhibits proliferation of various gastric cancer cell lines, as determined in a SRB assay. (b) Immunocytochemistry analysis shows that treatment with 5 μM gossypol for 48 h increases 4-hydroxynonenal levels in SNU-638 and SK4 cells. Treatment of cells with 500 μM NAC for 2 h after gossypol treatment ameliorates the effects of gossypol on 4-HNE. Scale bar of20 μm. (c,d) Seahorse XF analysis of SNU-638 cells treated with 5 μM gossypol for 24 h, followed by sequential treatment with oligomycin, the chemical uncoupler FCCP, and antimycin A/Rotenone (downward arrows) in the presence of linoleic acid-BSA, oleic acid-BSA or BSA. Fatty acid oxidation in SNU-638 cells treated with gossypol was lower than that in control cells. (e–g) Gossypol treatment of SNU-638 cells for 24 h reduced the oxygen consumption rate and other respiration parameters and oxygen consumption rates were measured with non-lipid substrate. Data are expressed as the mean and standard deviation of three independent experiments.