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. 2019 Nov 8;9:16375. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-52692-7

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Effects of infection on pH in ACP hemolymph. (a) The pH of infected and “Ca. L. asiaticus”-free ACPs were significantly different (two-sample t-test: t = 1.75, P = 0.0041). (b) There was a significant positive relationship between pH and infection level (pH versus log(GE/insect)). Slope = 2.95, SE = 0.57; linear regression: t = −5.2, P = 0.0012. “Ca. L. asiaticus” genomic equivalents (GE) per insect was calculated based on the standard curve, given that each “Ca. L. asiaticus” has three identical copies of the 16 S rRNA gene in its genome³⁰.