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. 2019 Nov 8;9:16375. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-52692-7

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Schematics of (a) pH and (b) oxygen microelectrodes²⁸. The pH microelectrode requires a reference electrode (not shown), which can be located near the microelectrode. (c) Measurement setup used to measure oxygen and pH profiles in ACPs. (d) ACP on agar plate before start of measurement. The wings of the ACP were fixed using small drops of agar. ACPs were laid on their backs, and the microelectrode penetrated their abdomens. The figure is not drawn to scale.