Table 2.
Characteristics of California Lupus Epidemiology Study (CLUES) participants, 2015–2018, by Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) level
| Overall CLUES Participants | CLUES Participants with ACE Responses | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ACE Level | ||||||
| Demographics | ACE 0 | ACE 1 | ACE 2–3 | ACE ≥4 | p-value * | |
| n, (row %) | 269 | 99 (36.8) | 59 (21.9) | 59 (21.9) | 52 (19.3) | |
| Age, mean (sd) | 45.2 (13.9) | 43.7 (15.3) | 43.6 (13.5) | 46.0 (13.2) | 48.9 (11.7) | 0.02 |
| Women | 241 (89.6) | 82 (82.8) | 56 (94.9) | 53 (89.8) | 50 (96.2) | 0.03 |
| Race/ethnicity | 0.001 | |||||
| Non-Hispanic White | 85 (31.6) | 25 (25.3) | 20 (33.9) | 24 (40.7) | 16 (30.8) | |
| Latino | 69 (25.7) | 19 (19.2) | 19 (32.2) | 16 (27.1) | 15 (28.9) | |
| Non-Hispanic African American | 32 (11.9) | 8 (8.1) | 5 (8.5) | 7 (11.9) | 12 (23.1) | |
| Asian/Pacific Islander | 79 (29.4) | 45 (45.5) | 15 (25.4) | 12 (20.3) | 7 (13.5) | |
| Other | 4 (1.5) | 2 (2.0) | 0 | 0 | 2 (3.9) | |
| Education | 0.02 | |||||
| High school or less | 42 (15.6) | 9 (9.1) | 14 (23.7) | 8 (13.6) | 11 (21.2) | |
| Some college/AA | 90 (33.5) | 28 (28.3) | 17 (28.8) | 27 (45.8) | 18 (34.6) | |
| College graduate | 137 (50.9) | 62 (62.6) | 28 (47.5) | 24 (40.7) | 23 (44.2) | |
| Disease duration, mean (sd) | 16.7 (10.4) | 16.2 (11.0) | 16.0 (10.9) | 18.0 (9.0) | 17.1 (10.2) | 0.41 |
| Childhood onset <18 years | 44 (16.4) | 24 (24.2) | 10 (17.0) | 8 (13.6) | 2 (3.9) | 0.01 |
| Lupus Nephritis | 120 (44.6) | 50 (50.5) | 32 (54.2) | 24 (40.7) | 14 (26.9) | 0.01 |
AA – Associate Degree.
Note: cells are n (column %), unless indicated.
*
P-values for age and disease duration based on linear contrasts for trend. All others from chi-square tests. Comparison to ACE = 0.