Table 4.

Physician-assessed outcomes of activity, damage and severity by Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) level and domain, adjusted models

Physician-Assessed Outcomes
Overall ACE Level	SLEDAI Disease Activity	SDI Disease Damage	LSI Disease Severity
	Adjusted means (95% CI)
0	2.5 (1.9–3.2)	1.7 (1.3–2.1)	6.9 (6.6–7.2)
1	2.6 (1.8–3.4)	2.2 (1.7–2.7)	7.0 (6.6–7.4)
2–3	3.7 (2.9–4.5)	2.1 (1.6–2.6)	6.8 (6.4–7.2)
≥4	2.4 (1.6–3.3)	1.9 (1.3–2.4)	6.4 (6.0–6.8)
p-value*	0.08	0.49	0.18
ACE Domain
None	2.5 (1.9–3.2)	1.7 (1.3–2.1)	6.9 (6.6–7.2)
Household Challenges	3.0 (2.5–3.6)	2.1 (1.8–2.4)	6.8 (6.5–7.0)
Neglect	2.6 (1.9–3.4)	1.7 (1.2–2.2)	6.7 (6.3–7.1)
Abuse	3.0 (2.4–3.7)	2.1 (1.6–2.5)	6.7 (6.4–7.0)

SLEDAI - Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index; SDI - Systemic Lupus Collaborating Clinics Damage Index; LSI - Lupus Severity Index

¹Adjusted for age, gender, race, disease onset <18 years, education level.

Domain effects estimated in separate models, using a 3-level variable: 1+ items in the given domain; 1+ items in any other domain (not shown in table); no items (i.e., ACE=0).

^*p<0.05 for comparison of domain effect to ACE=0.