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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Nov 6.
Published in final edited form as: Neuron. 2019 Aug 22;104(3):559–575.e6. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2019.07.025

Figure 3: The cortical output of the BG pathway serves a premotor role important to pitch learning.

Figure 3:

(A) Viral targeting and stimulation strategy. (B) Histological confirmation of ChR2 expression (red) in LMAN, scale bar, 50 μm (green anti-Calbindin). (C) High power image of ChR2 expression (red) in LMAN, scale bar 10 μm. (D) 5 trials of single unit activity recorded in LMAN in an isoflurane-anesthetized finch, in response to 20 ms laser pulses (blue triangles). (E) Top, latency to first spike relative to onset of laser stimulation. Bottom, inter-spike interval histogram of LMAN activity evoked by laser (blue) and spontaneous activity (red). (F) Change in target syllable pitch across a single day without laser stimulation or WN (baseline (B), black), WN on low pitch variants (No Laser + WN, red), WN with feedback laser (Feedback Laser + WN, purple), and WN with premotor laser (Premotor Laser + WN, orange). (G) Bar graph of percent change in pitch of target syllables following one day in each of the four conditions (No Laser + WN, n=5, p=0.0353, Feedback Laser + WN, n=5, p=0.0019, Premotor Laser + WN, n=5, p=0.6114, all paired t tests).