Table 5.
Level of Antimicrobial Resistance of Uropathogen Bacterial Isolates among Mekelle University Students with Symptomatic UTI, Northern Ethiopia, February–September 2017
| Bacterial isolates(n) | Antibiotics | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ro (%) | R1 (%) | R2 (%) | R3 (%) | R4 (%) | MDR (%) | ESBL producers(%) | Total (%) | |
| Gram Negative | 1(2.1) | 1(2.1) | 5(10.6) | 20(42.6) | 20(42.6) | 41(87.2%) | 12(25.5) | 47(100) |
| E.coli | 0(0.0) | 1(2.8) | 2(5.6) | 18(50) | 15(41.6) | 33 (88.9) | 10(27.8) | 36(100) |
| K. pneumonia | 1(16.7) | 0(0.0) | 1(16.7) | 2(33.3) | 2(33.3) | 5(83.3) | 2(33.3) | 6(100) |
| Citrobacter spp. | 0(0.0) | 0(0.0) | 1(50) | 0(0.0) | 1(50) | 1(50) | 0(0.0) | 2(100) |
| P.mirabilis. | 0(0.0) | 0(0.0) | 1(50) | 0(.00) | 1(50) | 1(50) | 0(0.0) | 2(100) |
| Enterobacter spps. | 0(0.0) | 0(.00) | 0(.00) | 0(0.0) | 1(100) | 1(100) | 0(0.0) | 1(100) |
| Gram positive | 5(18.5) | 4(14.8) | 4(18.5) | 8(29.6) | 6(18.5) | 13(48.1%) | NT | 27(100) |
| CoNS | 4(23.5) | 2(11.8) | 3(17.6) | 5(29.5) | 3(17.6) | 7(41.2) | NT | 17(100) |
| S. aureus | 1(10) | 2(20) | 1(10) | 3(30) | 3(30) | 6(60) | NT | 10(100) |
| Total | 6(8.1) | 5 (6.8) | 9(12.2) | 28(37.8) | 26(35.1) | 54(73.0) | 12(25.5) | 74(100) |
Key;R0- susceptible to allantibiotics, R1- Resistance to one antibiotic, R2-Resistance to antibiotics, R3-Resistance to threeantibiotics, ≥ R4-resistance to four and above antibiotics, NT not test, MDR Multidrug resistant: non-susceptible to at least one agent in three antimicrobial categories [65]. Based on this definition, the following antimicrobial categories were considered to determine whether the given isolate is MDR Gram positive isolates and Enterobacteriacecae: aminoglycosides (gentamicin), cephems (ceftiraxone), pencillin (ampcillin), beta lactamase inhibitor combination (amoxicillin/clavulanic acid), fluoroquinolones (ciprofloxacin,norfloxacin), nitrofuran (nitrofurantoin), cotrimoxazole, tetracycline and phenicols (chloramphenicol). Of these, nalidixic acid and macrolides (erythromycin) was used only for enterobacteriacecae and Gram positive isolates