Table 4.

Continuous primary and secondary outcome variables at baseline and final follow-up at study end (12 weeks) in study participants with serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels < 50 nmol/l at baseline and with available values at both study visits

	Baseline visit		Study end		Treatment effect		p value
	Median	IQR	Median	IQR	Between-group differences with 95% CI
Endocrine characteristics
Total testosterone (nmol/l)
Vitamin D (n = 19)	12.0	10.6–16.5	12.7	11.7–15.9	− 0.472	− 3.18 to 2.23	0.725
Placebo (n = 20)	12.3	9.6–16.1	15.1	10.4–19.6
Free testosterone (ng/ml)
Vitamin D (n = 17)	0.071	0.058–0.088	0.083	0.067–0.106	0.05	− 0.11 to 0.02	0.545
Placebo (n = 18)	0.076	0.053–0.093	0.087	0.063–0.097
SHBG (nmol/l)
Vitamin D (n = 17)	27.1	16.2–44.4	26.9	15.4–38.1	− 1.7	− 8.8 to − 1.7	0.005
Placebo (n = 19)	28.0	20.1–42.0	37.0	21.9–46.7
Free androgen index
Vitamin D (n = 17)	39.1	29.3–63.6	48.4	41.1–63.0	7.5	− 4.3 to 19.3	0.205
Placebo (n = 19)	37.9	28.8–66.0	40.8	28.1–54.5
Estradiol (ng/ml)
Vitamin D (n = 17)	34.2	26.9–53.4	37.1	27.6–54.8	3.2	− 7.0 to 13.3	0.532
Placebo (n = 19)	35.4	24.4–41.7	34.4	28.1–46.1
FSH (mU/ml)
Vitamin D (n = 17)	5.0	3.3–6.8	4.8	4.2–6.6	0.50	− 1.11 to 2.12	0.531
Placebo (n = 19)	3.5	2.7–7.7	4.6	2.5–8.2
LH (mU/ml)
Vitamin D (n = 17)	3.4	2.6–4.6	4.4	2.3–5.6	1.3	− 0.52 to 3.05	0.160
Placebo (n = 19)	3.3	2.3–5.6	3.7	3.1–6.4
Metabolic characteristics
Homeostatic model assessment—insulin resistance
Vitamin D (n = 16)	3.1	1.9–5.9	2.6	1.4–4.1	0.0	− 2.2 to 2.2	0.999
Placebo (n = 17)	3.2	2.2–5.3	3.0	1.1–5.3
Homeostatic model assessment-β
Vitamin D (n = 16)	131.4	85.0–251.6	158.7	99.9–227.1	9.2	− 83.0 to 101.5	0.893
Placebo (n = 17)	196.3	137.3–255.0	146.2	59.0–323.8
MATSUDA-index
Vitamin D (n = 14)	3.6	2.1–5.3	3.3	2.1–6.7	− 1.0	− 3.6 to 1.7	0.449
Placebo (n = 17)	4.1	1.9–5.6	4.3	2.1–8.1
Quantitative insulin sensitivity check index
Vitamin D (n = 16)	0.32	0.30–0.35	0.33	0.31–0.36	− 0.02	− 0.07 to 0.02	0.258
Placebo (n = 17)	0.32	0.30–0.34	0.32	0.30–0.38
Area under the curve glucose
Vitamin D (n = 17)	261.3	220.5–312.3	269.3	226.0–277.3	− 6.3	− 36.2 to 48.8	0.766
Placebo (n = 17)	262.0	222.0–287.3	265.8	239.5–297.0
Area under the curve insulin
Vitamin D (n = 16)	125.2	89.4–222.4	172.2	95.3–250.7	27.9	− 54.5 to 110.4	0.494
Placebo (n = 17)	136.0	23.5–210.5	120.8	78.5–197.3
Lipids
Total cholesterol (mg/dl)
Vitamin D (n = 16)	202	166–233	190	175–219	− 0.33	− 17 to 16	0.969
Placebo (n = 19)	216	196–235	198	174–238
High-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (mg/dl)
Vitamin D (n = 16)	48	42–61	43	39–53	− 4.1	− 9.9 to 1.7	0.163
Placebo (n = 19)	50	41–61	53	40–64
Low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (mg/dl)
Vitamin D (n = 15)	129	101–144	119	91–136	− 0.37	− 15 to 14	0.960
Placebo (n = 18)	131	106–161	117	96–153
Triglycerides (mg/dl)
Vitamin D (n = 16)	129	99–174	114	83–150	18.6	− 37 to 74	0.499
Placebo (n = 19)	139	63–181	100	64–159
Body composition
Fat mass (kg)
Vitamin D (n = 17)	31.6	25.9–39.9	31.9	26.7–35.4	0.1	− 1.8 to 2.0	0.911
Placebo (n = 19)	31.3	23.9–39.9	28.9	23.6–37.4
Lean mass (kg)
Vitamin D (n = 17)	61.7	51.4–65.6	60.6	53.6–65.3	0.13	− 0.9 to 1.1	0.786
Placebo (n = 19)	58.0	56.4–62.6	57.8	56.8–63.0

Data are shown as medians and interquartile range. Treatment effects with 95% confidence interval and p values were calculated by ANCOVA for group differences at follow-up with adjustment for baseline values