Table 4.

Average Change in Perceived Stress, Anxiety, and Depression Measures Over 12 Weeks, by Intervention Assignment

	Paced Respiration		Music Control		Between-Group Difference
	Mean (95% CI)^a	P-Value	Mean (95% CI)^a	P-Value	Mean (95% CI)^a	P-Value
Perceived Stress Scale (PSS)	−2.8 (−4.0, −1.7)	<.01	−1.1 (−2.2, −0.0)	0.05	−1.7 (−3.3, −0.1)	.03
Spielberger State Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) – Trait Component	−2.9 (−4.3, −1.4)	<.01	−2.4 (−3.8, −1.0)	<0.01	−0.4 (−2.4, 1.6)	.67
Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) – Anxiety Subscale^b	−1.4 (−1.9, −0.9)	<.01	−0.7 (−1.2, −0.2)	<0.01	−0.7 (−1.4, 0.1)	.08

Least square mean estimates of change and 95% confidence intervals were derived from ANCOVA models, adjusted for baseline values.

P-values derived from models using Winsorized (98–99th percentile) values due to skewed distributions, estimated mean change values represent raw values