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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Oct 1.
Published in final edited form as: J Urol. 2019 Sep 6;202(4):787–794. doi: 10.1097/JU.0000000000000328

Table 5.

Average Change in Resting Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Autonomic Function Markers Over 12 Weeks, by Intervention Assignment

Paced Respiration Music Control Between-Group Difference
Mean (95% CI)a P-Value Mean (95% CI)a P-Value Mean (95% CI)a P-Value
Pre-Ejection Period (PEP)b, msec 0.34 (−20.2, 20.9) .97 −3.4 (−21.9, 15.1) .72 3.8 (−7.1, 14.6) .49
Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia (RSA)b, msec2 −0.27 (−1.1, 0.6) .52 −0.4 (−1.1, 0.3) .27 0.14 (−0.3, 0.6) .56
a

Least square mean estimates of change and 95% confidence intervals were derived from ANCOVA models, adjusted for baseline values, diabetes, and selected medications (beta blockers, beta agonists, alpha blockers, and sympathomimetics).

b

Lower resting PEP corresponds to increased peripheral sympathetic nervous system activity. Higher RSA corresponds to greater peripheral parasympathetic activity.