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. 2019 Nov 10;16:209. doi: 10.1186/s12974-019-1619-9

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© The Author(s). 2019

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

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Fig. 5 — Intrathecal injection of paclitaxel-activated astrocytes elicit allodynia via TNF-α and SDF-1. a Schematic illustration showing the experimental conditions of cultured astrocytes, intrathecal injection, and behavioral tests. b Effect of intrathecal (i.t.) injection of paclitaxel-activated astrocytes (astrocytes cultured with vehicle, paclitaxel for 1 or 6 h) on mechanical allodynia in male mice (*P < 0.05 compared to vehicle, ANOVA, n = 5 per group). c, d Effect of intrathecal (i.t.) administration of TNF-α or SDF-1 neutralizing antibody on mechanical allodynia induced by i.t. injection of paclitaxel-activated astrocytes in male mice (astrocytes cultured with paclitaxel for 1 h, *P < 0.05 compared to IgG control, ANOVA, n = 5 per group)