Table 4.
Multivariate risk analysis. Impact of various characteristics on overall survival of all included patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma after curative intended pancreas surgery (n = 251)
| Survival [months] | CI [months] | p | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gender | Male | 19.6 | 16.2–23.1 | 0.705 |
| Female | 21.9 | 16.8–27.0 | ||
| Age [years] | < 63 | 22.8 | 14.9–30.7 | 0.085 |
| < 72 | 22.5 | 17.7–27.4 | ||
| ≥ 72 | 17.6 | 13.7–21.4 | ||
| BMI [kg/m2] | > 24,6 | 18.7 | 16.1–21.3 | 0.903 |
| ≥ 24,6 | 21.9 | 18.2–25.6 | ||
| Weight loss [kg] (preoperatively) | < 5 | 19.0 | 14.5–23.5 | 0.878 |
| ≥ 5 | 21.2 | 17.1–25.3 | ||
| Comorbidities | Yes | 20.7 | 17.5–24.0 | 0.464 |
| No | 19.5 | 7.9–31.2 | ||
| Pancreatitis (preoperatively) | Yes | 18.5 | 14.3–22.7 | 0.395 |
| No | 22.5 | 18.1–27.0 | ||
| Diabetes (postoperatively) | Yes | 21.2 | 15.8–26.5 | 0.565 |
| No | 20.3 | 16.2–24.5 | ||
| ASA [12] | I | 20.4 | 11.1–29.6 | 0.732 |
| II | 21.5 | 17.8–25.2 | ||
| III | 19.7 | 13.5–25.3 | ||
| IV | 12.1 | 3.1–21.1 | ||
| Alcohol | Yes | 19.7 | 2.7–23.5 | 0.585 |
| No | 17.2 | 17.2–23.5 | ||
| Nicotine | Yes | 22.8 | 16.3–29.2 | 0.661 |
| No | 19.7 | 16.2–23.2 | ||
| Diagnosis to OP [days] | < 23 | 20.4 | 16.5–24.2 | 0.817 |
| ≥ 23 | 20.4 | 15.6–25.1 | ||
| Duration of OP [min] | < 400 | 19.6 | 16.5–22.7 | 0.505 |
| ≥ 400 | 21.9 | 16.8–27.1 | ||
| ICU stay [days] | < 5 | 19.4 | 13.7–25.1 | 0.837 |
| ≥ 5 | 20.4 | 14.6–26.1 | ||
| Hospital stay [days] | < 18 | 20.8 | 16.2–25.4 | 0.147 |
| ≥ 18 | 20.4 | 16.4–24.3 | ||
| Drain removal [days] | < 7 | 19.6 | 15.6–23.5 | 0.075 |
| ≥ 7 | 20.4 | 16.1–24.6 | ||
| Complications (intraoperatively) | Yes | 17.4 | 14.2–20.6 | 0.385 |
| No | 21.2 | 18.2–24.2 | ||
| Complications (postoperatively) | Yes | 21.9 | 15.1–28.7 | 0.994 |
| No | 20.4 | 18.2–22.5 | ||
| Blood transfusion (intraoperatively) | Yes | 13.4 | 3.0–23.8 | 0.118 |
| No | 20.8 | 17.6–24.1 | ||
| Re-operation | Yes | 15.1 | 10.1–20.2 | 0.323 |
| No | 22.5 | 18.5–24.6 | ||
| Adjuvant chemotherapy | Yes | 25.6 | 21.8–29.4 | 0.001 |
| No | 14.3 | 11.0–17.7 | ||
| Abandonment of chemotherapy | Yes | 27.7 | 22.6–32.8 | 0.009 |
| No | 19.7 | 11.3–281 | ||
| Cycles | 1–3 | 14 | 0.2–11.7 | 0.026 |
| 4–5 | 26.3 | 3–20.4 | ||
| 6 | 27.7 | 1.7–24.4 | ||
| Rehabilitation | Yes | 21.5 | 18.3–24.8 | 0.159 |
| No | 15.1 | 8.2–22.1 | ||
| OP to rehabilitation [days] | < 21 | 23.6 | 14.9–32.3 | 0.419 |
| ≥ 21 | 18.5 | 16.5–20.5 | ||
| Tumor localization | Caput | 20.4 | 17.2–23.5 | 0.515 |
| Corpus | 19.4 | 6.2–40.6 | ||
| Caudae | 22.6 | 11.3–33.8 | ||
| Tumor size | T1 | 38.3 | 19.9–56.6 | 0.212 |
| T2 | 20.7 | 15.7–25.8 | ||
| T3 | 19.7 | 16.1–23.3 | ||
| T4 | 10.1 | 0–21.9 | ||
| Tumor grade | G1/G2 | 21.6 | 16.7–26.4 | 0.019 |
| G3/G4 | 15.2 | 7.3–23.1 | ||
| Lymph node invasion | N0 | 30.6 | 24.2–37.6 | < 0.001 |
| N1 | 17.3 | 1.8–13.8 | ||
| Lymph vessel invasion | L0 | 26.6 | 12.3–41.0 | 0.014 |
| L1 | 17.4 | 13.3–21.6 | ||
| Vein invasion | V0 | 22.6 | 18.5–26.6 | 0.016 |
| V1 | 14.4 | 11.5–17.4 | ||
| V2 | 10.3 | n/c | ||
| Perineural invasion | Pn0 | 21.6 | 15.3–27.8 | 0.242 |
| Pn1 | 19.6 | 14.9–24.3 | ||
| Distant metastases | M0 | 20.8 | 17.7–24.0 | 0.012 |
| M1 | 6.6 | 1.4–17.4 | ||
| Resection | R0 | 24.3 | 19.6–29.2 | < 0.001 |
| R1 | 13.3 | 10.7–15.9 | ||
| R2 | 14.4 | 17.3–23.4 | ||
| CA 19.9 [U/mL] (time of diagnosis) | < 37 | 23.6 | 21.3–33.4 | 0.071 |
| < 100 | 27.6 | 24.3–41.0 | ||
| < 500 | 18.0 | 18.0–26.3 | ||
| < 1000 | 14.1 | 13.3–23.5 | ||
| ≥ 1000 | 10.4 | 9.3–27.5 | ||
| CA 19.9 [U/mL] (postoperatively) | < 37 | 26.4 | 25.3–32.8 | 0.031 |
| < 100 | 15.9 | 12.2–28.4 | ||
| < 500 | 14.4 | 12.3–22.5 | ||
| < 1000 | 13.0 | − 11.3 to 44.2 | ||
| ≥ 1000 | 9.9 | 7.2–18.3 | ||
| CA 19.9 [U/mL] (time of recurrence) | < 37 | 25.2 | 21.8–35.4 | 0.193 |
| < 100 | 22.5 | 19.0–29.3 | ||
| < 500 | 23.7 | 20.8–31.1 | ||
| < 1000 | 16.3 | 14.9–25.0 | ||
| ≥ 1000 | 10.3 | 10.1–18.0 | ||
Reference range of CA 19.9 < 37 U/mL
BMI body mass index, CI confidence interval, n/c not calculated, OP operation