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. 2019 Oct 21;116(45):22833–22843. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1913575116

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Fig. 2. — Ablation of HVC_(X) neurons in juveniles induces deficits in song learning and development. (A) Experimental timeline for HVC_(X) ablation and song tutoring. (B) Examples of song development in a control injected (green-colored background) and 2 HVC_(X)-ablated (brown-colored background) birds. HVC_(X)-ablated birds 1 and 2 had decreases of 68.6% and 73.2% of HVC_(X) neurons, respectively, compared with the average of HVC_(X) neurons in the control birds. The white lines in the song spectrograms represent the motif structure of songs. The remaining HVC_(X) neurons were labeled with NTS (red). DAPI (blue). The white dotted lines represent HVC borders.