Table 1.
Features of the participants. Data represent the mean ± standard deviation or the number of participants (%).
| All participants N = 589 |
Children Age 5–11 years N = 299 |
Adolescents Age 12–21 years N = 290 |
|
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 12.6 ± 4.4 | 9.1 ± 1.8 | 16.2 ± 3.2 |
| Asthma duration (years) | 9.0 ± 4.3 | 6.6 ± 2.8 | 11.8 ± 4.2 |
| Males | 334 (56.7) | 178 (59.5) | 156 (53.8) |
| Race | |||
| White | 196 (33.3) | 77 (25.8) | 119 (41.0) |
| Black | 332 (56.4) | 196 (65.6) | 136 (46.9) |
| More than one race | 55 (9.3) | 24 (8.6) | 31 (10.7) |
| Other | 6 (1.0) | 2 (0.7) | 4 (1.4) |
| Hispanic ethnicity | 43 (7.3) | 21 (7.0) | 22 (7.6) |
| Household education level | |||
| Refused | 117 (19.9) | 52 (17.4) | 65 (22.4) |
| Did not complete high school | 20 (3.4) | 9 (3.0) | 11 (3.8) |
| High school diploma | 74 (12.6) | 42 (14.0) | 32 (11.0) |
| Some college or technical training | 175 (29.7) | 84 (28.1) | 91 (31.4) |
| College degree | 203 (34.5) | 112 (37.5) | 91 (31.4) |
| Family history | |||
| Father with asthma | 127 (21.6) | 73 (24.4) | 54 (18.6) |
| Mother with asthma | 205 (34.8) | 114 (38.1) | 91 (31.4) |
| Other medical conditions | |||
| Obesity | 150 (25.5) | 79 (26.5) | 71 (24.5) |
| Pneumonia (ever) | 254 (43.1) | 127 (42.5) | 127 (43.8) |
| Recurrent sinusitis | 155 (26.3) | 66 (22.1) | 89 (30.7) |
| Eczema | 322 (54.7) | 191 (63.9) | 131 (45.2) |
| Allergic rhinitis | 463 (78.6) | 242 (80.9) | 221 (76.2) |
| Nasal polyps | 32 (5.4) | 10 (3.3) | 22 (7.6) |
| Gastroesophageal reflux | 123 (20.9) | 49 (16.4) | 74 (25.5) |
| Asthma controller medications | |||
| Inhaled corticosteroid | 451 (76.6) | 258 (86.3) | 193 (66.6) |
| Long-acting beta agonist | 328 (55.7) | 157 (52.5) | 171 (59.0) |
| Montelukast | 347 (58.9) | 195 (65.2) | 152 (52.4) |
| Omalizumab | 19 (3.2) | 7 (2.3) | 12 (2.3) |
| Indoor exposures | |||
| Cat | 79 (13.4) | 32 (10.7) | 47 (16.2) |
| Dog | 199 (33.8) | 97 (32.4) | 102 (35.2) |
| Tobacco smoke | 92 (15.6) | 33 (11.0) | 59 (20.3) |
| ZIP code features | |||
| Population (in thousands) | 34.4 ± 16.6 | 34.8 ± 17.1 | 33.8 ± 16.0 |
| Unemployment (% of adults) | 12.6 ± 5.8 | 12.6 ± 5.6 | 12.6 ± 6.1 |
| Bachelors degree (% of adults) | 31.9 ± 16.5 | 30.7 ± 15.5 | 33.4 ± 17.5 |
| Below poverty threshold (% of families) | 20.2 ± 11.5 | 19.8 ± 10.7 | 20.5 ± 12.4 |
| Asthma healthcare utilization | |||
| Emergency department (past year) | 276 (46.9) | 170 (56.9) | 106 (36.6) |
| Hospitalization (past year) | 151 (25.6) | 84 (28.1) | 67 (23.1) |
| Intubation for asthma (ever) | 78 (13.2) | 37 (12.4) | 41 (14.1) |
| Symptoms (past four weeks) | |||
| Nighttime symptoms >twice weekly | 112 (19.1) | 61 (20.5) | 51 (17.7) |
| Dyspnea >twice weekly | 142 (24.3) | 70 (23.6) | 72 (25.0) |
| Wheeze >twice weekly | 125 (21.4) | 60 (20.3) | 65 (22.6) |
| Lung function (% predicted value) | |||
| Baseline FVC | 100.6 ± 15.4 | 102.7 ± 14.5 | 98.5 ± 16.1 |
| Baseline FEV1 | 90.3 ± 17.8 | 93.6 ± 16.3 | 86.9 ± 18.6 |
| Post-bronchodilator FVC | 107.1 ± 15.4 | 110.3 ± 14.6 | 103.7 ± 15.6 |
| Post-bronchodilator FEV1 | 103.1 ± 16.4 | 107.2 ± 16.0 | 99.0 ± 15.7 |