Table 3: Dopamine Concentrations in the Periphery.

A summary of human and animal studies that have examined concentrations of dopamine within the periphery. Both original values and our calculated relative molar values are reported to easily compare concentrations of dopamine between studies.

Original Dopamine Concentration	Concentration of Dopamine (M)	Location	Species	Method	Reference
30 ng/gb	2 × 10−7 Ma	Adipose (Brown)	Mouse	HPLC	(Griggio et al. 1992)
1 pg/mgc	6.5 × 10−9 Ma	Adipose (Epididymal White)	Mouse	HPLC	(Nagler et al. 2018)
100 pg/mgb	7 × 10−7 Ma	Adipose (Mesenteric Tissue Cells)	Rat	HPLC	(Vargovic et al. 2011)
0.0853 nmol/g	8.5 × 10−8 Ma	Adrenal Gland	Primate	HPLC	(Elchisak et al. 1983)
430 ng/kg	2.8 × 10−9 Ma	Adrenal Gland	Rat	HPLC	(Snider and Kuchel 1983)
94600 pmol/g	9.5 × 10−5 Ma	Adrenal Gland	Rat	HPLC	(Kawamura et al. 1999)
51 nmol/g	5.1 × 10−5 Ma	Adrenal Gland (Cortex)	Rat	HPLC	(Hannah et al. 1984)
0.5 ng/mlb	3.3 × 10−9 Ma	Adrenal Gland (Medulla)	Mouse	HPLC	(Torres-Rosas et al. 2014)
6 nmol/g	6 × 10−6 Ma	Adrenal Gland (Medulla)	Rat	HPLC	(Hannah et al. 1984)
0.37 mg/g	2.4 × 10−3 Ma	Adrenal Gland (Medulla)	Rat	HPLC	(Ortega-Saenz et al. 2016)
24 pmol/mg	2.4 × 10−5 Ma	Adrenal Gland (Medulla)	Rat	HPLC	(Favre et al. 1986)
6.1 ug/g	4 × 10−5 Ma	Adrenal Gland (Medulla)	Rat	HPLC	(Fhaneret al. 2013)
1.1 ng/mlc	7 × 10−9 Ma	Amniotic Fluid	Human	HPLC	(Jonathan and Munsick 1980)
45 pmol/g	4.5 × 10−8 Ma	Aorta	Rat	HPLC	(Kawamura et al. 1999)
0.15 μg/g	9.8 × 10−7 Ma	Aorta	Sheep	HPLC	(Juorio and Chedrese 1990)
0.043 μg/g	3 × 10−7 Ma	Artery (Mesenteric)	Rat	HPLC	(Bell and Gillespie 1981)
0.15 pmol/mg	1.5 × 10−7 Ma	Bladder	Rat	HPLC	(Favre et al. 1986)
2 nMb	2 × 10−9 M	Bone Marrow	Mouse	HPLC	(Maestroni et al. 1998)
250 pg/gb	1.6 × 10−9 Ma	Bone Marrow	Mouse	HPLC	(Marino et al. 1997)
35 ng/mgb	2.3 × 10−5 Ma	Bone Marrow	Mouse	HPLC	(Chakroborty et al. 2008)
202 ng/gb	1.3 × 10−3 Ma	Carotid Body	Human (infant)	HPLC	(Perrin et al. 1984)
209.6 pmol/mg	2.1 × 10−1 Ma	Carotid Body	Rat	HPLC	(Vicario et al. 2000)
84.04 mg/g	5.5 × 10−1 Ma	Carotid Body	Rat	HPLC	(Ortega-Saenz et al. 2016)
3.3 nmol/mg	3.3 × 10−3 Ma	Carotid Body	Rat	HPLC	(Hanbauer et al. 1981)
256.2 pmol/mg	2.6 × 10−1 Ma	Carotid Body	Rat	HPLC	(Prieto-Lloret et al. 2015)
129 pmol/mg	1.3 × 10−1 Ma	Carotid Body	Rat	HPLC	(Favre et al. 1986)
115.4 ng/g	7.5 × 10−7 Ma	Cecum	Mouse	HPLC	(Asano et al. 2012)
140 pmol/gb	1.4 × 10−7 Ma	Colon	Human	HPLC	(Magro et al. 2002)
177 ng/g	1.2 × 10−6 Ma	Colon	Mouse	HPLC	(Asano et al. 2012)
26 pmol/g	3 × 10−8 Ma	Colon	Rat	HPLC	(Magro et al. 2004)
60 pg/μgb	3.9 × 10−4 Ma	Colon	Rat	HPLC	(Levandis et al. 2015)
100 pg/mgb	6.5 × 10−7 Ma	Colon (Ascending)	Mouse	HPLC	(Garrido-Gil et al. 2018a)
15 pg/mg	9.8 × 10−8 Ma	Colon (Proximal)	Rat	HPLC	(Garrido-Gil et al. 2018a)
12 pg/mgb	7.8 × 10−8 Ma	Colon (Proximal)	Rat	HPLC	(Garrido-Gil et al. 2018b)
239 pmol/g	2.4 × 10−7 Ma	Duodenum	Rat	HPLC	(Kawamura et al. 1999)
3.67 μg/g	2.4 × 10−5 Ma	Duodenum	Sheep	HPLC	(Juorio and Chedrese 1990)
276 pg/ml	1.8 × 10−9 Ma	Duodenum (Juice)	Rat	HPLC	(Mezey et al. 1996)
13 pmol/mg	1.3 × 10−5 Ma	Ganglion (Coeliac)	Rat	HPLC	(Favre et al. 1986)
15 pmol/mg	1.5 × 10−5 Ma	Ganglion (Mesenteric)	Rat	HPLC	(Favre et al. 1986)
26 pmol/mg	2.6 × 10−5 Ma	Ganglion (Superior Cervical)	Rat	HPLC	(Favre et al. 1986)
8082 pmol/g	8.1 × 10−6 Ma	Ganglion (Superior Cervical)	Rat	HPLC	(Kawamura et al. 1999)
14 pmol/mg	1.4 × 10−5 Ma	Ganglion (Superior Cervical)	Rat	HPLC	(Prieto-Lloret et al. 2015)
0.52 pg/μg	3 × 10−6 Ma	Heart	Human	HPLC	(Regitz et al. 1990)
15 ng/gb	1 × 10−7 Ma	Heart	Mouse	HPLC	(Griggio et al. 1992)
55.9 ng/g	3.6 × 10−7 Ma	Heart	Mouse	HPLC	(Amino et al. 2008)
30 ng/g	2 × 10−7 Ma	Heart	Mouse	HPLC	(Wagner et al. 1979b)
30 ng/gb	2 × 10−7 Ma	Heart	Pig	HPLC	(Schoeneman n et al. 1990)
12 ng/gb	8 × 10−8 Ma	Heart	Rat	HPLC	(Schoeneman n et al. 1990)
15 ng/g	1 × 10−7 Ma	Heart	Rat	HPLC	(Snider and Kuchel 1983)
10 ng/gb	6.5 × 10−8 Ma	Heart	Rat	HPLC	(Eldrup 2004)
0.11 pmol/mg	1.1 × 10−7 Ma	Heart	Rat	HPLC	(Favre et al. 1986)
170 ng/gb	1.1 × 10−6 Ma	Heart (Atrium)	Dog	HPLC	(Mohanty et al. 1986)
0.58 nmol/g	5.8 × 10−7 Ma	Heart (Atrium)	Primate	HPLC	(Elchisak et al. 1983)
0.135 μg/g	9 × 10−7 Ma	Heart (Atrium)	Mouse	HPLC	(Bell and Gillespie 1981)
143 ng/g	9.3 × 10−7 Ma	Heart (Myocardium)	Human	HPLC	(Pierpont et al. 1987)
120 ng/gb	7.8 × 10−7 Ma	Heart (Ventricle)	Dog	HPLC	(Mohanty et al. 1986)
0.549 nmol/g	5.5 × 10−7 Ma	Heart (Ventricle)	Primate	HPLC	(Elchisak et al. 1983)
15.7 ng/g	1 × 10−7 Ma	Ileum	Mouse	HPLC	(Asano et al. 2012)
30 pmol/g	3 × 10−8 Ma	Ileum	Rat	HPLC	(Magro et al. 2004)
160 pg/μgb	1 × 10−3 Ma	Ileum	Rat	HPLC	(Levandis et al. 2015)
0.03 pmol/g	3 × 10−8 Ma	Jejunum	Mouse	HPLC	(Quelhas-Santos et al. 2015)
36 pmol/gb	3.6 × 10−8 Ma	Jejunum (Epithelial cells)	Rat	HPLC	(Vieira-Coelho et al. 1998)
41 pmol/g	4.1 × 10−8 Ma	Jejunum (Mucosa)	Rat	HPLC	(Vieira-Coelho et al. 1998)
61 pmol/g	6.1 × 10−8 Ma	Jejunum (Mucosa)	Rat	HPLC	(Finkel et al. 1994)
13.3 ng/g	8.6 × 10−8 Ma	Kidney	Mouse	HPLC	(Wagner et al. 1979a)
115 ng/mgb	7.5 × 10−4 Ma	Kidney	Mouse	HPLC	(Zhang et al. 2011a)
0.5 ng/mgb	3.3 × 10−6 Ma	Kidney	Mouse	HPLC	(Weinman et al. 2011)
33 pmol/mg	3.3 × 10−5 Ma	Kidney	Rat	HPLC	(Wahbe et al. 1982)
5 ng/gb	3 × 10−8 Ma	Kidney	Rat	HPLC	(Snider and Kuchel 1983)
50 pmol/g	5 × 10−8 Ma	Kidney	Rat	HPLC	(Kawamura et al. 1999)
0.04 pmol/mg	4 × 10−8 Ma	Kidney	Rat	HPLC	(Favre et al. 1986)
0.846 nmol/g	8.5 × 10−7 Ma	Kidney (Cortex)	Primate	HPLC	(Elchisak et al. 1983)
0.017 μg/g	1 × 10−7 Ma	Kidney (Cortex)	Rat	HPLC	(Bell and Gillespie 1981)
0.225 nmol/g	2.3 × 10−7 Ma	Kidney (Medulla)	Primate	HPLC	(Elchisak et al. 1983)
0.092 nmol/g	9.2 × 10−8 Ma	Liver	Primate	HPLC	(Elchisak et al. 1983)
0.011 pmol/mg	1.1 × 10−8 Ma	Liver	Rat	HPLC	(Favre et al. 1986)
1.697 μg/g	1.1 × 10−5 Ma	Lung	Cow	HPLC	(Eyre 1971)
0.11 μg/g	7 × 10−7 Ma	Lung	Human	HPLC	(Aviado and Sadavongviva d1970)
0.0446 nmol/g	4.5 × 10−8 Ma	Lung	Primate	HPLC	(Elchisak et al. 1983)
40 ng/g	2.6 × 10−7 Ma	Lung	Rat	ELISA	(Hampl et al. 2015)
34 pmol/g	3.4 × 10−8 Ma	Lung	Rat	HPLC	(Kawamura et al. 1999)
58.8 pmol/g	5.9 × 10−8 Ma	Lung	Rat	HPLC	(Scarcella and Bryan-Lluka 1995)
9.96 μg/g	6.5 × 10−5 Ma	Lung	Sheep	HPLC	(Juorio and Chedrese 1990)
0.021 pmol/mg	2.1 × 10−8 Ma	Lung/Trachea	Rat	HPLC	(Favre et al. 1986)
0.5 μmol/kgb	5 × 10−7 Ma	Microbiome (Biomass)	E coli	HPLC	(Shishov et al. 2009)
0.1 μmol/kgb	1 × 10−7 Ma	Microbiome (Supernatant)	E coli	HPLC	(Shishov et al. 2009)
79.4 μg/mlb	5.2 × 10−4 Ma	Microbiome (Supernatant)	E faecium	HPLC	(Villageliu and Lyte 2018)
0.73 mg/L	4.8 × 10−6 Ma	Microbiome (Supernatant)	Hafnia alvei	HPLC	(Özoğul 2004)
1.06 mg/L	6.9 × 10−6 Ma	Microbiome (Supernatant)	Klebsiella pneumoniae	HPLC	(Özoğul 2004)
2.46 mg/L	1.6 × 10−5 Ma	Microbiome (Supernatant)	Morganella morganii	HPLC	(Özoğul 2004)
29 pg/mgc	1.8 × 10−7 Ma	Pancreas	Mouse	HPLC	(Nagler et al. 2018)
0.218 nmol/g	2.2 × 10−7 Ma	Pancreas	Primate	HPLC	(Elchisak et al. 1983)
84 pmol/mg	8.4 × 10−5 Ma	Pancreas	Rat	HPLC	(Mezey et al. 1996)
103 pmol/g	1 × 10−7 Ma	Pancreas	Rat	HPLC	(Kawamura et al. 1999)
8 μmol/kg	8 × 10−6 Ma	Pancreas (Islets)	Golden hamster	HPLC	(Zern et al. 1980)
10 pg/ml	6.5 × 10−11 Ma	Plasma	Human	HPLC	(Saha et al. 2001)
17 pg/ml	3.5 × 10−8 Ma	Plasma	Human	HPLC	(Mitchell et al. 2018)
10 pg/ml	6.5 × 10−11 Ma	Plasma	Human	HPLC	(Gardner and Shoback 2007)
10 pg/ml	6.5 × 10−11 Ma	Plasma	Human	HPLC	(Lechin et al. 1990)
38.9 pg/ml	2.5 × 10−l0 Ma	Plasma	Human	HPLC	(Scozzi et al. 2012)
22.14 ng/L	1.4 × 10−10 Ma	Plasma	Human	HPLC	(Ambade et al. 2009)
0.02 ng/ml	1.3 × 10−l0 Ma	Plasma	Human	HPLC	(Eldrup et al. 1995)
55.5ng/L	3.6 × 10−10 Ma	Plasma	Human	HPLC	(Iwen et al. 2017)
0.76 ng/ml	5 × 10−9 Ma	Plasma	Mouse	HPLC	(Kavelaars et al. 2005)
0.9 ng/ml	5.9 × 10−9 Ma	Plasma	Mouse	HPLC	(Alaniz et al. 1999)
75 pg/mlb	4.9 × 10−10 Ma	Plasma	Mouse	HPLC	(Kanemi et al. 2005)
7 pmol/ml	7 × 10−9 Ma	Plasma	Mouse	HPLC	(Quelhas-Santos et al. 2015)
0.1 ng/mlb	7 × 10−10 Ma	Plasma	Rat	HPLC	(De Laurentiis et al. 2002)
0.15 ng/mlb	9.8 × 10−10 Ma	Plasma	Rat	HPLC	(Snider and Kuchel 1983)
0.32 nmol/L	3.2 × 10−10 Ma	Plasma (arterial)	Human	HPLC	(Goldstein et al. 1999)
0.23 nmol/L	2.3 × 10−10 Ma	Plasma (Hepatic Vein)	Human	HPLC	(Goldstein et al. 1999)
0.93 nmol/L	9.3 × 10−10 Ma	Plasma (Portal Vein)	Human	HPLC	(Goldstein et al. 1999)
2 ng/ml	1.3 × 10−10 Ma	Plasma (Umbilical Cord)	Human	HPLC	(Jonathan and Munsick 1980)
18 ng/g	1.8 × 10−7 Ma	Salivary Gland	Rat	HPLC	(Snider and Kuchel 1983)
39 ng/gb	2.5 × 10−7 Ma	Salivary Gland	Rat	HPLC	(Tomassoni et al. 2015)
211 pmol/g	2.1 × 10−7 Ma	Salivary Gland	Rat	HPLC	(Kawamura et al. 1999)
1 pmol/mg	1 × 10−6 Ma	Seminal Vesicles	Rat	HPLC	(Favre et al. 1986)
0.032 pmol/mg	3.2 × 10−8 Ma	Small intestine	Rat	HPLC	(Favre et al. 1986)
1.31 ng/mg	8.6 × 10−6 Ma	Spinal Cord (Cervical Dorsal Horn)	Rat	HPLC	(White et al. 1983)
0.65 ng/mg	4.2 × 10−6 Ma	Spinal Cord (Cervical Ventral Horn)	Rat	HPLC	(White et al. 1983)
0.79 ng/mg	5.2 × 10−6 Ma	Spinal Cord (Lumbar Dorsal Horn)	Rat	HPLC	(White et al. 1983)
0.67 ng/mg	4.4 × 10−6 Ma	Spinal Cord (Lumbar Ventral Horn)	Rat	HPLC	(White et al. 1983)
2.18 ng/mg	1.4 × 10−5 Ma	Spinal Cord (Thoracic Dorsal Horn)	Rat	HPLC	(White et al. 1983)
2.67 ng/mg	1.7 × 10−5 Ma	Spinal Cord (Thoracic Lateral Horn)	Rat	HPLC	(White et al. 1983)
1.88 ng/mg	1.2 × 10−5 Ma	Spinal Cord (Thoracic Ventral Horn)	Rat	HPLC	(White et al. 1983)
13.5 pmol/g	1 × 10−7 Ma	Spleen	Mouse	HPLC	(Tsao et al. 1997)
50 ng/gb	3 × 10−7 Ma	Spleen	Pig	HPLC	(Schoeneman n et al. 1990)
0.173 nmol/g	1.7 × 10−7 Ma	Spleen	Primate	HPLC	(Elchisak et al. 1983)
10 ng/gb	7 × 10−8 Ma	Spleen	Rat	HPLC	(Schoeneman n et al. 1990)
0.011 μg/g	7 × 10−8 Ma	Spleen	Rat	HPLC	(Bell and Gillespie 1981)
0.084 pmol/mg	8.4 × 10−8 Ma	Spleen	Rat	HPLC	(Favre et al. 1986)
152 pmol/g	1.5 × 10−7 Ma	Spleen	Rat	HPLC	(Kawamura et al. 1999)
0.078 pmol/mg	7.8 × 10−8 Ma	Stomach	Rat	HPLC	(Favre et al. 1986)
185 pmol/g	1.9 × 10−7 Ma	Stomach	Rat	HPLC	(Kawamura et al. 1999)
20 ng/gb	1.3 × 10−7 Ma	Stomach	Rat	HPLC	(Eldrup 2004)
32.9 ng/g	3 × 10−7 Ma	Stomach (Gastric Corpus Mucosa)	Guinea pig	HPLC	(Shichijo et al. 1997)
95.8 ng/g	6 × 10−7 Ma	Stomach (Gastric Corpus Muscle)	Guinea pig	HPLC	(Shichijo et al. 1997)
5.41 ng/ml	4 × 10−8 Ma	Stomach (Gastric Juice)	Human	HPLC	(Christensen and Brandsborg 1974)
1.02 nmol/g	1 × 10−6 Ma	Testis	Primate	HPLC	(Elchisak et al. 1983)
5 pmol/g	5 × 10−9 Ma	Testis	Rat	HPLC	(Kawamura et al. 1999)
12.7 pmol/mg	1 × 10−7 Ma	Thymus	Mouse	HPLC	(Tsao et al. 1997)
15 pmol/g	1.5 × 10−8 M	Thymus	Rat	HPLC	(Kawamura et al. 1999)
25 ng/gd	1.6 × 10−7 Ma	Thymus	Rat	HPLC	(Pilipovic et al. 2008)
0.352 μg/g	2.3 × 10−6 Ma	Vas Deferens	Rat	HPLC	(Bell and Gillespie 1981)
2.1 pmol/mg	2.1 × 10−6 Ma	Vas Deferens	Rat	HPLC	(Favre et al. 1986)
2466 pmol/g	2.5 × 10−6 Ma	Vas Deferens	Rat	HPLC	(Kawamura et al. 1999)

^aCon cent ratio ns calculated by dividing values by the molecular weight of dopamine (153 .18 g/m ol) if not already in a molar value, and multiplying the density of tissues or fluid s (kg/L or kg/m^3)

^bEstimate obtained from graph because no values given in text, or averaged values if multiple control values were given

^cValue obtained from one or an average of treatment groups other than control because no absolute control given

^dAveraged male and female control groups