Table 4: Dopamine Concentrations During Disease and Disease Models in the Central Nervous System and the Periphery.

A summary of human and animal studies that have examined concentrations of dopamine in disease states and animal models of disease in the central nervous system and periphery. Both original values and our calculated relative molar values are reported to easily compare concentrations of dopamine between studies.

Original Value	Concentration of Dopamine (M)	Change From Baseline	Location	Species	Disease	Method	Reference
133400 pmol/g	1.3 × 10−4 Ma	No Change	Adrenal gland	Rat	6-OHDA (Parkinson’s Disease Model)	HPLC	(Kawamura et al. 1999)
130 pg/ugb	8.5 × 10−4 Ma	Increased	Colon	Rat	6-OHDA (Parkinson’s Disease Model)	HPLC	(Levandis et al. 2015)
57 pmol/g	5.7 × 10−8 Ma	Decreased	Duodenum	Rat	6-OHDA (Parkinson’s Disease Model)	HPLC	(Kawamura et al. 1999)
35.7 fmol/mg	3.6 × 10−8 Ma	Decreased	Frontal cortex	Rat	6-OHDA (Parkinson’s Disease Model)	HPLC	(Wisman et al. 2008)
16 pmol/g	1.6 × 10−8 Ma	Decreased	Heart	Rat	6-OHDA (Parkinson’s Disease Model)	HPLC	(Kawamura et al. 1999)
86 pmol/g	8.6 × 10−8 Ma	No Change	Heart (Aorta)	Rat	6-OHDA (Parkinson’s Disease Model)	HPLC	(Kawamura et al. 1999)
17.2 fmol/mg	1.7 × 10−8 Ma	Decreased	Hippocampus	Rat	6-OHDA (Parkinson’s Disease Model)	HPLC	(Wisman et al. 2008)
165 pg/ugb	1.1 × 10−3 Ma	No Change	Ileum	Rat	6-OHDA (Parkinson’s Disease Model)	HPLC	(Levandis et al. 2015)
23 pmol/g	2.3 × 10−8 Ma	Decreased	Kidney	Rat	6-OHDA (Parkinson’s Disease Model)	HPLC	(Kawamura et al. 1999)
6 pmol/g	6 × 10−9 Ma	Decreased	Lung	Rat	6-OHDA (Parkinson’s Disease Model)	HPLC	(Kawamura et al. 1999)
68 pmol/g	6.8 × 10−8 Ma	Decreased	Pancreas	Rat	6-OHDA (Parkinson’s Disease Model)	HPLC	(Kawamura et al. 1999)
27 pg/mgb	1.8 × 10−7 Ma	Increased	Proximal colon	Rat	6-OHDA (Parkinson’s Disease Model)	HPLC	(Garrido-Gil et al. 2018b)
43 pmol/g	4.3 × 10−8 Ma	Decreased	Salivary gland	Rat	6-OHDA (Parkinson’s Disease Model)	HPLC	(Kawamura et al. 1999)
11 pmol/g	1.1 × 10−8 Ma	Decreased	Spleen	Rat	6-OHDA (Parkinson’s Disease Model)	HPLC	(Kawamura et al. 1999)
104 pmol/g	1 × 10−7 Ma	Decreased	Stomach	Rat	6-OHDA (Parkinson’s Disease Model)	HPLC	(Kawamura et al. 1999)
3 ng/mgb	2 × 10−5 Ma	Decreased	Striatum	Rat	6-OHDA (Parkinson’s Disease Model)	HPLC	(Garrido-Gil et al. 2018b)
14448 pmol/g	1.4 × 10−5 Ma	No Change	Superior cervical ganglion	Rat	6-OHDA (Parkinson’s Disease Model)	HPLC	(Kawamura et al. 1999)
10 pmol/g	1 × 10−8 Ma	No Change	Testis	Rat	6-OHDA (Parkinson’s Disease Model)	HPLC	(Kawamura et al. 1999)
7 pmol/g	7 × 10−9 Ma	Decreased	Thymus	Rat	6-OHDA (Parkinson’s Disease Model)	HPLC	(Kawamura et al. 1999)
256 pmol/g	2.6 × 10−7 Ma	Decreased	Vas deferens	Rat	6-OHDA (Parkinson’s Disease Model)	HPLC	(Kawamura et al. 1999)
1 ng/mg	6.5 × 10−6 Ma	Decreased	Spinal cord (cervical dorsal horn)	Rat	EAE (Multiple Sclerosis Model)	HPLC	(White et al. 1983)
1.09 ng/mg	7.1 × 10−6 Ma	No Change	Spinal cord (cervical ventral horn)	Rat	EAE (Multiple Sclerosis Model)	HPLC	(White et al. 1983)
0.82 ng/mg	5.4 × 10−6 Ma	No Change	Spinal cord (lumbar dorsal horn)	Rat	EAE (Multiple Sclerosis Model)	HPLC	(White et al. 1983)
1.06 ng/mg	6.9 × 10−6 Ma	No Change	Spinal cord (lumbar ventral horn)	Rat	EAE (Multiple Sclerosis Model)	HPLC	(White et al. 1983)
2.34 ng/mg	1.5 × 10−5 Ma	No Change	Spinal cord (thoracic dorsal horn)	Rat	EAE (Multiple Sclerosis Model)	HPLC	(White et al. 1983)
3.1 ng/mg	2 × 10−5 Ma	No Change	Spinal cord (thoracic lateral horn)	Rat	EAE (Multiple Sclerosis Model)	HPLC	(White et al. 1983)
2.17 ng/mg	1.4 × 10−5 Ma	No Change	Spinal cord (thoracic ventral horn)	Rat	EAE (Multiple Sclerosis Model)	HPLC	(White et al. 1983)
4,000 pg/mgb	2.6 × 10−5 Ma	Decreased	Striatum	Mouse	EAE (Multiple Sclerosis Model)	HPLC	(Batkowiec-Iskra et al. 2007)
2.102 pg/g log10	1 × 10−9 Ma	Decreased	Basal ganglia	Human	HIV	HPLC	(Kumar et al. 2009)
2.086 pg/g log10	1 × 10−9 Ma	Decreased	Caudate	Human	HIV	HPLC	(Kumar et al. 2009)
2.137 pg/g log10	1 × 10−9 Ma	No Baseline	CSF	Human	HIV	HPLC	(Kumar et al. 2009)
1.9 pg/g log10	1 × 10−9 Ma	No Change	Frontal Cortex	Human	HIV	HPLC	(Kumar et al. 2009)
2.198 pg/g log10	1 × 10−9 Ma	No Change	Globus pallidus	Human	HIV	HPLC	(Kumar et al. 2009)
2.163 pg/g log10	1 × 10−9 Ma	Decreased	Putamen	Human	HIV	HPLC	(Kumar et al. 2009)
1.747 pg/g log10	1 × 10−9 Ma	Decreased	Substantia Nigra	Human	HIV	HPLC	(Kumar et al. 2009)
32.3 pg/mL	2.1 × 10−10 Ma	Decreased	CSF	Human	HIV (Neurologically Asymptomatic)	HPLC	(Berger et al. 1994)
18.97 pg/mL	1.2 × 10−10 Ma	Decreased	CSF	Human	HIV (Neurologically Symptomatic)	HPLC	(Berger et al. 1994)
25 pg/mLb	1.6 × 10−10 Ma	Increased	CSF	Human	HIV (Therapy Naive, Asymptomatic)	HPLC	(Scheller et al. 2010)
8.5 ng/g	5.5 × 10−8 Ma	Decreased	Heart	Mouse	MPTP (Parkinson’s Disease Model)	HPLC	(Amino et al. 2008)
0.46 pg/g	3 × 10−6 Ma	Decreased	Putamen	Primate	MPTP (Parkinson’s Disease Model)	HPLC	(Pifl et al. 2014)
5.2 pmol/mg	5.2 × 10−6 Ma	Decreased	Spleen	Mouse	MPTP (Parkinson’s Disease Model)	HPLC	(Tsao et al. 1997)
48 ng/mg	3.1 × 10−4 Ma	Decreased	Striatum	Mouse	MPTP (Parkinson’s Disease Model)	HPLC	(Petzinger et al. 2007)
6.9 pmol/mg	6.9 × 10−6 Ma	Decreased	Thymus	Mouse	MPTP (Parkinson’s Disease Model)	HPLC	(Tsao et al. 1997)
16.5 pmol/mg	1.7 × 10−5 Ma	Decreased	Whole Brain	Mouse	MPTP (Parkinson’s Disease Model)	HPLC	(Tsao et al. 1997)
0.3 ug/gb	2 × 10−6 Ma	No Change	Olfactory Bulb	Primate	MPTP (Parkinson’s Disease Model)	HPLC	(Pifl et al. 2017)
1.24 ng/mg	8 × 10−6 Ma	Decreased	Caudate	Human	Parkinson’s Disease	HPLC	(Wilson et al. 1996b)
2969 fmol/mg	3 × 10−9 Ma	Decreased	Caudate	Human	Parkinson’s Disease	HPLC	(Goldstein et al. 2011)
513 ng/g	3.3 × 10−6 Ma	Decreased	Caudate nucleus	Human	Parkinson’s Disease	HPLC	(Rajput et al. 2008)
83 fmol/mg	8.3 × 10−8 Ma	No Change	Cortex	Human	Parkinson’s Disease	HPLC	(Goldstein et al. 2011)
0.01 ng/ml	6.5 × 10−11 Ma	No Change	CSF	Human	Parkinson’s Disease	HPLC	(Eldrup et al. 1995)
1.22 ng/ml	8 × 10−9 Ma	No Change	CSF	Human	Parkinson’s Disease	HPLC	(Engelborghs et al. 2003)
0.01 nM	1 × 10−11 M	No Change	CSF	Human	Parkinson’s Disease (No L-dopa Treatment)	HPLC	(Andersen et al. 2017)
0.15 nM	1.5 × 10−10 M	No Change	CSF	Human	Parkinson’s Disease (No L-dopa Treatment, Nondyskinetic)	HPLC	(Andersen et al. 2017)
0.25 nM	2.5 × 10−10 M	No Change	CSF	Human	Parkinson’s Disease (No L-dopa Treatment, Dyskinetic)	HPLC	(Andersen et al. 2017)
89 ng/g	5.8 × 10−7 Ma	Decreased	Globus pallidus (external)	Human	Parkinson’s Disease	HPLC	(Rajput et al. 2008)
37 ng/g	2.4 × 10−7 Ma	Decreased	Globus pallidus (Internal)	Human	Parkinson’s Disease	HPLC	(Rajput et al. 2008)
0.02 ng/ml	1.3 × 10−10 Ma	No Change	Plasma	Human	Parkinson’s Disease	HPLC	(Eldrup et al. 1995)
1130 fmol/mg	1.1 × 10−6 Ma	Decreased	Putamen	Human	Parkinson’s Disease	HPLC	(Goldstein et al. 2011)
0.14 pg/g	9 × 10−7 Ma	Decreased	Putamen	Human	Parkinson’s Disease	HPLC	(Pifl et al. 2014)
0.21 ng/mg	1.4 × 10−6 Ma	Decreased	Putamen	Human	Parkinson’s Disease	HPLC	(Wilson et al. 1996b)
25 pg/ml	1.6 × 10−10 Ma	No Baseline	Synovial fluid	Human	Rheumatoid Arthritis	HPLC	(Nakano et al. 2011)
0.5 nMb	5 × 10−10 M	No Baseline	TH+ Synovial Cells	Human	Rheumatoid Arthritis	HPLC	(Capellino et al. 2010)
17 pmol/g	1.7 × 10−8 Ma	Decreased	Colon	Rat	TNBS (Colitis Model)	HPLC	(Magro et al. 2004)
28 pmol/g	2.8 × 10−8 Ma	No Change	Ileum	Rat	TNBS (Colitis Model)	HPLC	(Magro et al. 2004)
50 nmol/g	5 × 10−8 Ma	Decreased	Colon	Human	Ulcerative Colitis and Crohn’s Disease	HPLC	(Magro et al. 2002)

^aConcentrations calculated by dividing values by the molecular weight of dopamine (153.18 g/mol) if not already in a molar value, and multiplying the density of tissues or fluids (kg/L or kg/m^3)

^bEstimate obtained from graph because no values given in text, or averaged values if multiple control values were given

^cValue obtained from one or an average of treatment groups other than control because no absolute control given

^dAveraged male and female control groups