Table 2.
Serum cadmium and current wheeze in study participants, NHANES 2007-20121
| Serum cadmium (μg/L) |
|
|---|---|
| Exposure | Odds ratio (95% confidence interval) |
| All participants (n = 13,888) | |
| Quartile 1 (<0.22 μg/L) | 1.00 |
| Quartile 2 (0.22 – 0.34 μg/L) | 0.92 (0.75, 1.13) |
| Quartile 3 (0.34 – 0.62 μg/L) | 1.01 (0.82, 1.25) |
| Quartile 4 (≥0.62 μg/L) | 1.50 (1.20, 1.86) ** P for linear trend < 0.01 |
| Never/former smokers (n = 10,742) | |
| Quartile 1 (<0.19 μg/L) | 1.0 |
| Quartile 2 (0.19 – 0.28 μg/L) | 0.83 (0.63, 1.08) |
| Quartile 3 (0.28 – 0.43 μg/L) | 1.10 (0.88, 1.37) |
| Quartile 4 (≥0.43 μg/L) | 1.19 (0.92, 1.54) P for linear trend = 0.08 |
| Current smokers (n = 3,146) | |
| Quartile 1 (<0.61 μg/L) | 1.0 |
| Quartile 2 (0.61 – 0.99 μg/L) | 1.91 (1.39, 2.63) ** |
| Quartile 3 (0.99 – 1.50 μg/L) | 2.40 (1.70, 3.39) ** |
| Quartile 4 (≥1.50 μg/L) | 2.84 (2.07, 3.90) ** P for linear trend < 0.01 |
1
All models were adjusted for age, gender, race/ethnicity, annual household income, BMI, family history of asthma, serum cotinine, and occupational exposure to mineral dusts or exhaust fumes. The model for all participants was additionally adjusted for smoking status.
2
* P< 0.05 and ** P< 0.01